Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands.

1. By : Prabhleen Arora

2.  Endocrine Glands are the glands of the
Endocrine System that secretes hormones
directly into the blood rather than a duct ….
 Endocrine glands secretes different types of
hormones in our body to perform some
specific tasks and functions ….
 It is made up of a “Network of Glands” ….

3. Glands are located throughout various part of
the Human Body . These glands perform the
critical task of releasing hormones and as
whole , they are known as “Endocrine Glands”
….
Endocrine Diseases are usually occur when
glands produce an incorrect amount of
hormone ….

6.  Hypothalamus Gland
 Pituitary Gland
 Pineal Gland
 Thyroid Gland
 Parathyroid Gland
 Adrenal Gland
 Thymus Gland
 Pancreas
 Ovaries
 Testes

8.  The hypothalamus gland is the most
important gland of our “Endocrine System” ….
 It is located below the “Thalamus” and sits
just above the “Brain Stem” ….
 Its primary function is to maintain
Homeostasis in the body ….
 It links the Nervous and Endocrine System by
the way of Pituitary Gland ….

9.  Its function is to secrete release hormones
and inhibit or stimulate the production of the
hormones in the “Anterior Pituitary” ….
 Special Neuron clusters known as “Neuro
Secretory Cells” in the hypothalamus
produces “ADH” (Anti Deuretic Hormone) and
“OXT” (Oxytocin) and transfer them to the
pituitary where they are stored for later
release ….

10.  The hypothalamus produces seven different
hormones ….
 Anti-Deuretic Hormones
 Oxytocin
 Somastostatin
 Growth Hormone – Releasing Hormone
 Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
 Gonadotropin – Releasing Hormone
 Corticotropin – Releasing Hormone

12.  “Pituitary Gland” is also known as “Master Gland”
. Attached to the Hypothalamus , the Pituitary
Gland is a pea sized , reddish-gray body that
stores hormone from the Hypothalamus and
releases into the Blood Stream ….
 The functions performed by “Pituitary Gland” are
:-
 Production of Growth Hormones….
 Regulation in the Endocrine System….

13.  Production of Hormones that effect the functions
of muscles and kidneys….
 Production of Hormones that controls other
Endocrine Glands ….
 Storage of Hormones that are produced by the
“Hypothalamus” ….
 The pituitary have three different sections :
Anterior , Intermediate and Posterior Pituitary ….

14.  Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH)
 Growth Hormones (GH)
 Adrenocoticotrophic Hormones (ACTH)
 Prolactin
 Thyroid Stimulating Hormones (TSH)
 Melanocyte Stimulating Hormones (MSH)
 Oxytocin
 Vasopressin/Anti-Deuretic Hormone (ADH)

16.  The pineal gland is the small and most
important Endocrine Gland in the body . It is
located near the Pituitary Gland ….
 It gets its name from its pine cone shape ….
 It is also known as “The Pineal Organ” or the
“Third Eye” ….
 It controls our body’s “Sleep-Wake Pattern”
….

17.  It has several critical functions including the
secretion of “Melatonin” , the hormone that
causes sleepiness and regulation of certain
endocrine functions ….
 It also helps the body to convert the signals
from “Nervous System” to the signals in the
“Endocrine System” ….

18.  The thyroid gland keeps your “Metabolism”
under control through the actions of “Thyroid
Hormone” which it makes by extracting
Iodine from the blood and incorporating it
into “Thyroid Hormones” ….
 Thyroid cells are unique , they are highly
specialized to absorb and use Iodine ….
 Every other cell depends upon the Thyroid to
manage its “Metabolism” ….

19.  The thyroid produces hormones that that govern the
functions such as your body uses the energy ,
consumes oxygen and producing heat ….
 The two main hormones the thyroid produces and
releases are T3(Tryidothyronine) and T4(Thyroxine)
….
 A thyroid that is funtionning normally produces
approximately 80% of T4 and 20% of T3 , though T3
is the strongest of the pair ….
 The thyroid also produces “Calcitonin”, which helps in
controlling the blood calcium levels ….

21.  Parathyroid Gland is the small bean shaped
structures behind the “Thyroid Gland” ….
 The parathyroid gland is actually a group of
four small glands , collectively they are
known as “Parathyroid Gland” ….
 This gland is vital to proper bone
development because it helps in controlling
the both “Calcium” and “Phosphorous” levels
in the body ….

22.  “Parathyroid Hormone” is secreted by the
“Parathyroid Gland” and is the most important
regulator of “Calcium” level in the blood and
within the bones ….
 Bones : “Parathyroid Hormone” stimulates the
release of “Calcium” from large Calcium
stores into the bloodstream . It increases
bone destruction and decreases the
formation of new bone ….

23. Kidneys : Parathyroid Hormone reduces loss of
Calcium in “Urine” , it also stimulates the
production of active “Vitamin D” in Kidneys ….
Intestine : Parathyroid Hormone increases
Calcium absorption in intestine from food via
its effects on Vitamin D “Metabolism” ….

25.  The “Adrenal Glands” are the small structures
attached to the top of each “Kidney”. The human
body has two “Adrenal Glands” that releases
chemicals called “Hormones” in the bloodstream .
These hormones effects many parts of the body .
 The “Adrenal Gland” secretes different hormones
which act as “Chemical Messengers” , these
hormones travels through the bloodstream and
acts on various body tissues to enable them to
function correctly ….

26.  Mineralocorticoids : “Aldosterone” hormone helps in
to maintains the body’s salt and water level , which in
turn regulates the “Blood Pressure” ….
 Glucocorticoids : “Cortisol” hormone is involved in the
stress response and also helps in to regulation of
body’s metabolism . It also has significant anti-
inflammatory effects ….
 Adrenal Androgens : Male sex hormones mainly
“Testosterone” and “DHEA” (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
, they are involved in creating and maintaining the
differences between Men and Women ….

28.  One of the most baffling gland in the body id
“Thymus” . It lies just above the neck and behind
the top of the “Breastbone” ….
 The Thymus Gland is bilobed mass of lymphoid
tissue located in the “Anterior Mediastenum” ….
 It is a large gland at birth and continues to grow
till “Puberty” (35 grams) , after puberty it starts
decreases and lived upto 60 years (12-60 years)
….

29.  Various thymic hormones produced by the
“Medulla” regulates the differentiation of “T
Lymphocytes” ….
 This gland secretes hormones that are
commonly referred to as “Humoral Factors”
and are important during “Puberty” ….
 The role of these hormones is to make sure
that a person develops an healthy “Immune
system” ….

31.  The pancreas is a glandular organ in the
“Digestive System” . It is located in the
“Abdominal Cavity” behind the stomach ….
 It is an Endocrine Gland , which produces several
important hormones like Insulin , Glucagon ,
Somatostatin and Pancreatic Polypeptide ….
 It also helps in the breakdown of Carbohydrates
, Proteins and Lipids in the “Chyme” ….

32.  Blood Glucose Homeostasis : The Endocrine
portion of the Pancreas controls the
homeostasis of “Glucose” in the Bloodstream
….
 Glucagon : The alpha cells of the Pancreas
produces “Glucagon” which helps in the
release of “Glucose” in the bloodstream , it
also helps in the stimulation of “Adipose
Tissues”

33.  Insulin : It is produced by the “Beta Cells” of
the pancreas , it regulates the level of “Sugar”
in our blood ….
 Insulin triggers the formation of “Glycogen”
in muscles and “Triglycerides” in “Adipose
Tissues” to store the absorbed Glucose ….
 The less amount of “Insulin” in blood leads to
“Diabetes” ….

35.  The Ovaries exists in a pair of two and exists in
women ….
 The secretion of hormones take places in one of
two ovaries every month ….
 This gland produces both “Estrogen” and
“Progestrone” which promotes the developement
of breasts ….
 They aso helps a women to maintain healthy
”Menstrual Periods” ….

37.  Found in Men , this gland produces “Testosterone
“ which promotes the growth of the “Penis” as a
male gets older as well as facial and body hair ….
 It also deepens the voice of a male at a certain
age ….
 It maintains sex drive ….
 It promotes production of Sperms ….
 It helps in maintaining healthy level of muscle
and bone mass ….