PPT on Occupational health (Introduction, Ergonomics & Occupational Hazards) specially designed for MBBS students

1. Occupational Health
-Dr. S P Andurkar (Asso. Prof.)
-Dr. Sunaina Kumthekar (JR-II)
Presenter- Dr. Prachi Adsule- Patil
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Community Medicine
GMC Aurangabad

2. Contents
• Introduction to Occupational Health
• Ergonomics
• Occupational Environment
• Occupational Hazards
• Pneumoconiosis

4. Health

5. Definition of Occupational Health:
The joint international labor organization
committee on Occupational health, 1950
defined occupational health as-
“The highest degree of physical, mental and
social well-being of workers in all
occupations.”

7. Goals of Occupational Health:
To reduce industrial accidents.
To prevent occupational hazards/
diseases.
To achieve maximum human
efficiency and machine efficiency.

8. similarities
• Preventive medicine & Occupational health-
1. Levels of application of preventive measures
2. Tools
• Occupational health is therefore application of
preventive medicine in all places of
employment.

10. Ergonomics
• It is derived from Greek term-
a. Ergon means ‘work’
b. Nomos means ‘law’
• It simply means-
‘ fitting the job to the worker’

11. Ergonomics
• The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics
or human factors as follows:
• “Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of interactions among humans and other
elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design to optimize human
well-being and overall system performance.”

12. Training in Ergonomics involves-
 Designing of machines, tools, equipment and
manufacturing processes
 Lay-out of places of work
 Methods of work and environment-
-in order to achieve greater efficiency of both
man and machine.

13. Objective of ergonomics
• To achieve best mutual adjustment of
man and his work, for the improvement
of human efficiency and well-being.

14. The Benefits of an Ergonomic Program
• Decreased injuries, illnesses, and workers’
compensation costs.
• Decreased absenteeism .
• Increased physical well being.
• Increased efficiency at work.

15. Occupational environment
Definition:
“It means the sum of external conditions
and influences which prevail at the place of
work and which have a bearing on the health
of the working population.”

16. Types of Interaction

17. Occupational hazards

19. Heat & cold
• Work of Rao & Mookerji et al. (1953) indicate
Corrected effective temperature of 69 to 80
deg. F (20 to 27 deg. C) is the comfort zone in
this country.
• Burn, Heat exhaustion, Heat stroke, Heat
cramps

20. Chillblains

21. Erythrocyanosis

22. Trench Foot

23. Frost Bite

24. light
• Acute effects- eye strain, headache, eye pain,
lacrimation, congestion around cornea, eye
fatigue.
• Chronic effect- Miner’s nystagmus
• Other effects- discomfort, annoyance, visual
fatigue, blurring of vision, accidents

25. noise
• Auditory effects- Temp. or permanent hearing
loss
• Non-auditory effects- Nervousness, fatigue,
interference with communication, decreased
efficiency, annoyance.

26. vibration
• Frequency- 10 to 500 Hz

27. U v radiation
• Mainly in Arc welding
• Affects eyes, causing intense conjunctivitis
and keratitis causing Welder’s flash.

28. Ionizing radiation
• Important radio-isotopes are:
1. Cobalt 60
2. Phosphorus 32
• Hazards caused are- genetic changes,
malformation, cancer, leukemia, ulceration,
sterility
• International Commission of Radiological
Protection has set maximum permissible level
of occupational exposure at 5 rem per year to
whole body.

31. Chemical
Inhalation
Dust
Gases
Metals
Local
Action
Ingestion

32. Dust size- 0.1 to 150 microns
< 5 micron- Respirable Dust
Soluble
Insoluble
Dust
Organic
Inorganic
Dust

33. Occupational Diseases
• Occupational diseases have a long latent
period.
• Most occupational diseases cannot be treated.
• All occupational diseases can be prevented.

34. Lung Diseases Caused by Dust
• Depends on chemical composition, particulate size, concentration,
shape, specific gravity & body’s reaction
• Pneumoconiosis
Inorganic dust
– Asbestos … Asbestosis
– Silica … Silicosis
– Coal dust … Anthracosis
– Iron … Siderosis
Organic dust
– Cane fiber … Bagassosis
– cotton dust … Byssinosis
– Tobacco … Tobaccosis
– Grain dust … Farmer’s lung

35. pneumoconiosis
• Dust within the size range of 0.5 to 3 micron is a
health hazard producing.
• The hazardous effect of dust on lung depends upon
number of factors-
1. Chemical composition
2. Fineness
3. Concentration of dust in air
4. Period of exposure
5. Health status of person exposed

36. 1. silicosis
- Free silica or silicon dioxide (SiO2)
- First reported in India (Kolar Gold Mines) in 1947
- Dense nodular fibrosis (3 to 4 mm)
- X-ray chest shows- “ Snow-storm appearance”
- Silico-tuberculosis

37. 2. Asbestosis
• Commercial name given to certain types of Fibrous
material.
• Silicates of varying composition; Silica combined
with bases like- magnesium, iron, calcium, sodium,
aluminium.
• Two types-
1. Serpentine/ Chrysolite (Hydrated mg. silicate)
2. Amphibole

38. Varieties of Amphibole type
Amosite
Anthrophylite
Crocidolite

39. 2. Asbestosis
• Asbestos fibres- 20 to 500 micron in length & 0.5 to 50 micron
in diameter
• Mesothelioma- Crocidolite variety
• Sputum shows Asbestos bodies
(asbestos fibres coated with fibrin)
• X-ray chest shows
Ground-glass appearance
in lower 2/3rd of lung

40. 3. Anthracosis
• Coal miners pneumoconiosis
• 1st Phase- Simple pneumoconiosis
• 2nd Phase- Progressive Massive Fibrosis
(PMF)
• Risk of death- twice

41. 4. byssinosis
• Inhalation of Cotton fibre dust
• Symptoms- Chronic cough, progressive dyspnoea
ending in Chronic bronchitis and Emphysema
• Incidence rate- 7 to 8 %

42. 5. bagassosis
• Caused due to inhalation of bagasse or sugarcane dust
• 1st reported in India by Ganguly and Pal in 1955 in cardboard
manufacturing firm near Kolkata
• Occurs due to thermophilic actenomycete named
Thermoactinomyces sacchari
• Skiagram shows mottling in lungs or shadow

44. 6. farmer’s lung
• Inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust
• Bacteria and fungi grow rapidly if moisture content is
> 30 % causing rise of temperature to 40-50 deg. C
• This leads to growth of thermophilic actinomycetes-
Micropolyspora faeni
• Later stages- pulmonary fibrosis, inevitable
pulmonary damage & cor pulmonale

45. Cor Pulmonale
Pulmonary Fibrosis