Smart drug delivery system contains various aspect like ODDS, TDDS, IMPLANTS, INTRAVAGINAL system etc

1. SMART DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Dr. Sodha Pradip
1st year resident,
Department of Pharmacology,
Government Medical College, Surat.
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2. Objectives
 Introduction
 Oral Drug Delivery System
 Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System
 Transdermal Drug Delivery System
 Pulmonary Drug Delivery System
 Intravaginal Drug Delivery System
 Intravesical Drug Delivery
 Urethral administration
 Implants
 Topical Administration
 Prodrugs
 Pulsalite Drug Delivery System
 Gene therapy
 Targeted Drug Delivery System
 Carrier systems
 Conclusion
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3.  What is Drug delivery ?
 It refers to the approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting therapeutics in
the body as needed to safely and efficiently achieve their desired therapeutic effects.
 What are the limitations of Conventional Drug Delivery Systems ?
• They are often accompanied by systemic side effects that mainly attributable to their nonspecific bio-
distribution and uncontrollable drug release characteristics.
 What are the use of Smart Drug delivery systems ?
o They can effectively reduce the dosage frequency, while maintaining the drug concentration in
targeted organs/tissues for a longer period of time.
Introduction
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4. Oral Drug Delivery System
1. Oral-controlled Release Systems
A) Continuous release systems
- Dissolution-controlled release systems
- Diffusion-controlled release systems
- Dissolution-Diffusion-controlled release systems
- Ion exchange resin-drug complexes
- Osmotic pressure-controlled systems
B) Delayed Transit and Continuous Release Systems
- High-density(sinking) system or non-floating drug delivery systems
- Floating drug delivery systems
Noneffervescent systems
Effervescent (gas-generating) systems
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5. Oral Drug Delivery System
- Bioadhesive or mucoadhesive drug delivery systems
- Expandable, unfoldable and swellable systems
C) Delayed release systems
2. Chewable dosage forms
3. Genetically modified microorganisms
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6. 1. Oral-controlled Release Systems:
• Mostly solids
• based on dissolution, diffusion, or a combination of both mechanisms.
A. Continuous release systems:
• Release the drug for a prolonged period of time with normal transit of the dosage form.
 Dissolution-controlled release systems:
• Reservoir dissolution control
• Matrix dissolution control
• Example: Griseofulvin and Digoxin
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7. 7  Diffusion-controlled release systems:.
• Matrix system:
The drug is dispersed in an insoluble matrix of rigid nonswellable
hydrophobic materials or swellable hydrophilic substances.
• Reservoir system:
These system are hollow containing an inner core of drug
surrounded in a water insoluble polymer membrane.
• Example: Ibuprofen, tramadol, acelofenac etc.
 Dissolution and Diffusion controlled release system:
• Drug encased in a partially soluble membrane.
• Pores are created due to dissolution of parts of membrane.
• It permits entry of aqueous medium into core & drug dissolution.
• Diffusion of dissolved drug out of system.
• Example: Ethyl cellulose.

8.  Ion exchange resin-drug complexes:
• The use of ion exchange resins into drug delivery systems is due to following characteristics :
- Their physio-chemical stability
- Inert nature
- Uniform size
- Spherical shape assisting coating
- equilibrium-driven reproducible drug release in ionic environment.
• Example: Amphetamine, Propranolol
 Osmotic pressure-controlled systems:
• An osmotic system releases a therapeutic agent at a predetermined, zero-order delivery rate.
• It is independent of pH and other physiological parameters to a large Extent.
• Example: Indomethacin, haloperidol, levodopa, nicotine etc.
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9. B. Delayed transit and continuous release systems:
• Synonyms: “Gastroretentative Drug Delivery System”, gastro Targeting, Gastro Specific.
• Mechanism: Drug Release at the site of Stomach.
• An approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by controlling the site-specific drug release in the upper
gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects.
• Gastro retentive dosage forms can remain in the gastric region for long periods and hence significantly
prolong the gastric retention time (GRT) of drugs.
 High-density(sinking) system or non-floating drug delivery system:
• This approach involves formulation of dosage forms with the density that must exceed density of normal
stomach content.
• These formulations are prepared by coating drug on a heavy core or mixed with inert materials such as
iron powder, barium sulphate, zinc oxide, and titanium oxide.
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10.  Floating drug delivery systems:
- Absorption site: Stomach and small intestine.
- The low density can be provided by
the entrapment of air (hollow chamber) or by the
incorporation of low-density materials(fatty materials
or oils, foam powder).
• Noneffervescent systems:
- These systems are normally prepared from gel-forming
or highly swellable cellulose type hydrocolloids, poly-
Saccharides, or matrix-forming polymers such as poly-
acrylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene.
-The air trapped by the swollen polymer confers
Buoyancy to these dosage forms.
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Ex.-Misoprostol against gastric ulcers, floating ampicillin tablet

11. • Effervescent(gas generating) systems:
Floatability can be achieved by generation of gas bubbles.
These buoyant systems utilize matrices prepared with swellable polymers such as polysaccharides,
effervescent components (e.g. sodium bicarbonate, citric acid)
 Bio-adhesive or mucoadhesive drug delivery systems:
-Bio-adhesive Systems:- adhere to the biological substrates.
-Mucoadhesive Systems:- adhere to the mucus.
-Mucosal layer of regions of the body including; GI tract, the air ways, the ear, nose and eye.
-Materials commonly used: Polyacrylic acid, chitosan, sodium alginate, dextrin.
-example: Metoprolol, atenolol, clotrimazole.
 Expandable, unfoldable, and swellable systems:
Expandable systems:
-A dosage form in the stomach will withstand gastric transit if it is bigger than the pyloric sphincter.
-The dosage form must be small enough to be swallowed, and must not cause gastric obstruction.
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12. - The concept is to make a carrier, such as a capsule, incorporating a compressed system which expands in the
stomach.
-Drawback :- Permanent retention of rigid large-sized single unit forms can cause bowel obstruction, intestinal
adhesion.
swellable systems:
Unfoldable systems:
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13. C. Delayed release systems:
-The design of such systems involves release of drug only at specific site in the GIT.
Colon-specific drug delivery systems:
-Targeted drug delivery into the colon is highly desirable for local treatment of a variety of bowel diseases such
as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, amebiosis, colonic cancer etc.
- Example: Hydrocortisone, olsalazine, mesalazine etc.
2. Chewable dosage forms:
-Medicated chewing gum is nothing but gum base containing an active
Substance either in its core or coating.
Example: Nicotine, fluoride caffeine, chlorhexidine.
3. Genetically modified microorganisms:
The biodrug concept involves the use of orally administered recombinant microorganism as a new drug delivery
route to prevent or treat disease.
Aim: To increase the body’s protection against environmental xenobiotics.
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14. Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System
1. Aqueous gels
2. Solid matrices and devices
- Ocuserts
- Bioadhesive ophthalmic drug inserts
- Gelfoam
- Lacrisert
3. Soft Contact lenses
4. Liposomes
5. Niosomes
6. Pharmacosomes
7. Collagen shield
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15. 1. Aqueous gels:
• Consist of high molecular weight,hydrophilic,
cross-linked polymers or copolymers that form
a three-dimensional network in water.
• Example: Timolol, pilocarpine etc.
2. Solid Matrices and Devices:
• Solid polymetric inserts and discs, as ophthalmic drug delivery.
• Inserts allow accurate dosing, reduced systemic absorption, and better patient compliance.
 Ocuserts:
• A flat, flexible, elliptical device designedto be placed in the
inferior cul-de-sac between the scleraand the eyelid and
to releasePilocarpine continuouslyat a steady rate for 7days.
• Use: for delivering pilocarpine.
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16.  Bioadhesive ophthalmic drug inserts:
• Adhesive rods based on mixtures of hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid cellulose.
 Gelfoam:
• Slabs of gelfoam impregnating with a mixture of drug and cetyl ester wax in chloroform.
 Lacrisert:
• Rod-shaped device made of hydroxypropyl cellulose
used in the treatment of dry eye syndrome as an alternative
to artificial tears.
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17. 3. Soft contact Lenses:
• The most widely used material: poly-2-hydrosyethyl-methylacrylate.
• Its copolymers with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) are used both to
correct eyesight and hold and deliver drug.
• Controlled release can be obtained by binding the active ingredient
via biodegradable covalent linkages.
• Example: Gentamicin, ciprofloxacin etc.
4. Liposomes:
• Liposomes are biocompatible and biodegradable lipid
vesicles made of natural lipids and about 25-1000 nm
in diameter.
• Liposomes used as topically in ophthalmic drug delivery
systems.
• Liposomal preparation: acetazolamide, hydrocortisone etc.
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Hydrophilic drugs in aqueous
region encapsulated
phospholipid
Lipophilic drugs located in
the hydrophobic lamella

18. 5. Niosomes:
• Microscopic lamellar structures of size range
between 10-1000 nm.
• Examples: Timolol, gentamicin, dorzolamide
6. Pharmacosomes:
• This term is used for pure drug vesicles formed by the amphiphilic drugs.
• The amphiphilic prodrug is converted to phramocosomes on dilution with water.
7. Collagen shield:
• Consists of cross-linked collagen, fabricated with fetal calf skin
and developed as a corneal bandage to promote wound healing.
• Topically applied antibiotic conjugated with the shield is used to
promote healing of corneal ulcers.
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Non ionic surface active agent
Hydrophilic drugs in aqueous
region encapsulated
Lipophilic drugs located in
the hydrophobic lamella

19. Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Active TDDS
Passive TDDS
Principle technology
Electric current, lontophoresis,
Electroporation, Microporation, Laser
ablation, Mechanical arrays,
Thermal/Heat & Ultrasound
Principle technology
Gradient diffusion
Single layer
TDDS
Multilayer
layer TDDS
Vapor patch Reservoir
layer TDDS
Microreservoir
layer TDDS
Matrix type
TDDS
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20. 1.Single-layer-Drug-in-Adhesive:
2. Multilayer-Drug-in-Adhesive:
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21. 3. Vapor Patch:
 Adhesive layer serves as release vapor.
 Uses: Decongestion, to improve the quality of sleep and reduces cigarette smoking.
4. Reservoir system:
 The drug releases only through the rate-controlling
membrane, which can be microporous or nonporous.
 In form of a solution, suspension, gel, or dispersed in
a solid polymer matrix.
5. Microreservoir system:
 It is a combination of reservoir and matrix dispersion
system.
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22. 6. Matrix system:
 Drug-in-adhesive system:
• The drug reservoir is formed by dispersing the drug in
adhesive polymer and then spreading the medicated
adhesive polymer by solvent casting or melting on
backing layer.
 Matrix dispersion system:
• The drug is dispersed homogenously in a hydrophilic
or lipophilic polymer matrix.
• This drug containing polymer disk is fixed on to an
occlusive base plate in a compartment fabricated
from a drug impermeable backing layer.
• It is spread along with the circumference to form
a strip of adhesive rim.
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23. Pulmonary Drug Delivery System
Pulmonary Drug
Delivery System
Lactose Carrier System
Liposomes
Large Porous Particles
Biodegradable
Polymers
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24. 1. Lactose carrier systems:
• The cohesive powders with poor flow arises if
the surface electric forces associated with the particle
exceed the gravitational force acting upon them.
• To overcome this problem, the drug is blended with a
coarse carrier system, such as lactose which is
approximately 5 microgram.
2. Liposomes:
• A means of delivering phospholipid to the alveolar surface for treatment of Neonatal
Respiratory Distress Syndrome(NRDS).
• Sustained release therapy: Treatment of lung disease, gene therapy, systemic disease etc.
• Diameter: ranging from 25 nm to 100 microgram.
• According to their size, Small Unilamellar Vesicle(SUV)(10-100 nm) or Large Unilamellar Vesicle(LUV)(100-300
nm)
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25. 3. Large Porous Particles:
• A new type of aerosol formulation is the large porous hollow particles (pulmospheres), which have low
particle densities, excellent dispersibility, and can be used in both MDI and DPI delivery systems.
• Pulmospheres are made of phosphatidylcholine.
4. Biodegradable Polymers:
• Studied as sustained-release pulmonary drug carriers.
• Oligolactic acid, having a shorter biological half-life is better suited for pulmonary drug delivery.
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26. Intravaginal Drug Delivery System
INTRAVAGINAL
DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM
Progestasert
Dinoprostone vaginal insert Mucoadhesive vaginal
drug delivery system
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27. 1. Progestasert:
 An IUCD that produces controlled release of minute
quantities of progesterone within the uterus.
2. Dinoprostone vaginal insert:
 Polymeric slab.
 Encased in a pouch of a knitted polyester delivery
and retrieval system.
3. Mucoadhesive vaginal drug delivery systems:
 Drugs: Miconazole, Terconazole, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole
Clotrimazole, Metronidazole, Acyclovir, Penicillin,
Tetracycline, Erythromycin etc.
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28. Intravesical Drug Delivery and Urethral administration
Intravesical Drug Delivery:
• Direct administration of the drug into the urinary bladder
through a catheter that greatly improves the exposure
of the affected bladder lining to the therapeutic agent.
• Use for bladder cancer : Immunomodulators such as BCG
Interferon- alpha; Administration of chemotherapeutic agents
such as doxorubicin, mitomycin C and thiopera.
Urethral administration:
• Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system:
Liquid intraurethral prostaglandin E1 delivery system ,using Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system
for erectile dysfuntion.
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29. Implants
• Sterile solid drug products made by compression, melting, and sintering process.
IMPLANTS
Norplants
Gliadel wafer implant
Zoladex implant
Ceramic implants
Microchips
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30. 1. Norplant impants:
 Levonergestrel
 Insert six capsules placed subdermally into the inner
portion of upper arm.
2. Gliadel wafer implant:
 Contains carmustine with polifeprosan.
 Deliver into surgical cavity.
3. Zoladex implant:
 It is sterile biodegradable product containing
goserelin acetate designed subcutaneous injection
with continuous release over 28 days.
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31. 4. Ceramic implants:
 Silica-based mesoporous materials specially design and
chemically modify for the absorption of drugs that will
locally release.
5. Microchips:
 Microchips are fabricated by Micro Electrochemical
system (MEMS) technology.
 Enable on demand drug release.
 Consists of hundred of reservoirs filled with up to 1mL
drugs in aseptic solid, liquid, or gel filling.
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32. Topical administration
1. Ionotophoresis:
• An electrochemical mechanism that enhances the transport
of ionic drugs into the skin by creating potential gradient across
the skin with an applied electrical current.
• Example: Lidocaine for topical anaesthesia
2. Phonophoresis or ultraphonophoresis:
• Combination of ultrasound therapy with topical drug therapy
to obtain therapeutic drug concentrations at selected sites in the skin.
• Example: Hydrocortisone.
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33. PARENTAL INFUSION PUMPS
They include:
• Mechanical pumps
• Closed and open loop system
• Programmable manual system
• Implantable and external systems
• Syringe pumps
• Piston pumps
• Peristaltic pumps
• Balloon pumps
• Gas pressure pumps
• Portable infusion pumps
• And other controllers etc.
For IV, solution- controller depends upon gravity to provide the driving force for delivery of solution.
Example: Insulin, anticancer drugs, morphine, deferoxamine etc.

34. Prodrugs
An inactive chemical compound that, after administration, undergoes biotransformation to the pharmacologically
active drug.
 Carrier-Linked Prodrug:
• Consists of the attachment of a carrier group to the active drug to alter its physiochemical properties.
• The subsequent enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanism releases the active drug moiety.
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Active Drug
Inert Carrier
Chemical Prodrug Formation
Chemical/Enzymatic cleavage
in vivo
Drug
Covalent Bond
Inert carrier

35.  Bioprecursor:
• These are obtained by chemical modification of
active drug but do not contain a carrier.
• It has almost same lipophilicity as the parent drug
and bioactivated generally by redox biotransformation.
Examples of Prodrugs:
• Chloramphenicol palmitate is useful in pediatric practice to reduce the bitter taste of chloramphenicol.
• Dopamine do not cross the blood-brain barrier, I-dopa is used to treat parkinsonism, to increase the
bioavailability inside the CNS.
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36. Pulsatile Drug Delivery System
and Gene therapy
Pulsatile Drug Delivery System:
 Time-controlled system, includes delivery systems with rupturable or erodible coating layers with release
controlling plug, stimuli-induced and chemical stimuli-induced, and externally regulated system.
 Use in the following disease:
• Asthma, Peptic ulcer, Cardiovascular diseases, Arthritis, Attention deficit syndrome in children,
Hypercholesterolemia.
• Drugs formulated as single and multiple unit usage forms : Theophylline, Salbutamol, Ranitidine, Diclofenac.
Gene therapy:
 It refers to introduction of functional genetic material into target cells to replace or supplement defective genes or
to modify target cells so as to achieve therapeutic goals.
 Apart from inherited genetic disorders with single gene defect, the major thrust area of gene therapy:
Malignancies, Immunological disorders including AIDS, cardiovascular, neurological, and infective disease.
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37. Targeted Drug Delivery System
Introduction:
 An advanced method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the
concentration of the medication in some parts of body relative to others.
 Targeted drug delivery system improves:
 The concept of drug targeting was first mentioned
by Paul Ehrlich when he suggested the hypothetical
“magic bullet”.
 Currently, the concept of “magic bullet” includes a
coordinated behavior of three components-
- Drug
- Targeting moiety
- Pharmaceutical carrier
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38.  Principles of targeted drug delivery
• Carrier : Nontoxic, biodegradable, bio-compatible and physio-chemically stable.
• Predictable and Controllable rate of drug release
• Uniform capillary distribution
• Drug release and drug delivery should function independently
• Therapeutic amount of drug release
• Minimal or no drug leakage during transportation
 Components of targeted drug delivery
• Targets
• Drug
• Carrier or vehicle
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39. TYPES OF DRUG TARGETING
1. Passive targeting:
Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect:
- Accumulation of a drug-carrier structure at a specific site as
a result of physio-chemical or pharmacological.
- EPR effect applies for these nanoparticle administered, the
majority of these nanoparticles tend to accumulate in organ
such as liver, spleen and lungs.
- Thus, it is a natural distribution of drug by blood circulation.
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40. 2. Active Targeting:
• Carrying drug reaches to specific site on the basis of particular modification rather
than natural uptake by reticuloendothelial system(RES).
• Modification techniques include: coating of surface with either a bioadhesive,
nonionic surfactant or tissue antibodies or albumin protein.
 Divided into three different targeting levels:
A. First order targeting:
• Example: lymphatics, peritoneal cavity, plural cavity, cerebral ventricle etc.
B. Second-order targeting:
• Tumor cells or Kupffer cells in liver.
C. Third order targeting:
• Endocytosis or through receptor based ligand mediated entry.
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41. 3. Inverse Targeting:
• Result of avoidance of passive uptake of colloidal carriers by the Reticuloendothelial system(RES).
• It can be achieved by suppressing the function of RES by prejunction of a large amount of blank colloidal
carrier or macromolecules like dextran sulphate.
• Leads to saturation of RES and suppression of defense mechanism.
4. Dual Targeting:
• Carrier molecule, itself have their own therapeutic activity and thus increase the therapeutic effect of drug.
• A carrier molecule having its own antiviral activity can be loaded with antiviral drug and for the synergistic
of conjugate.
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42. 5. Direct Targeting:
• Direct application of a drug into the affected area qualifies as a drug targeting approach a high concentration
of a drug is achieved in the target area.
• Example: Intra-articular administration of methotrexate-liposomal preparations containing a phospholipid
conjugate of methotrexate and dimyristoyl-phospotidyl-ethanolamine (MTX-γ-DMPE) for the treatment of
arthritis.
6. Double Targeting
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Targeting drugs to specific
organs, tissues, cells or even
subcellular compartment
Controlling the rate of drug
delivery to target site
Spatial
Control
Temporal
Control
Double
Targeting

43. 7. Physical Targeting:
• Refers to a delivery system that releases the drug only when exposed to a specific microenvironment, such
as Change in pH, temperature etc.
A. pH sensitive system:
• Nanocarriers use the advantage of pH difference to target the drug at a tumor site.
• Anticancer drugs can be conjugated to pH sensitive polymers.
• This is done by conjugated form and enabling the release drug either in relatively acidic extracellular fluids,
or after endocytosis in endosomes.
• Example: Poly-vinyl-pyrrolidone-co-dimethyl maleic anhydride was conjugated to doxorubicin.
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44. B. Temperature sensitive system:
• Temperature-sensitive polymeric micelles can be prepared by using thermosensitive polymers which displays
a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in aqueous water.
• LCST is the temperature below which the polymers are water soluble and above which they become
water-insoluble.
• Example: Poly-N-alkyl-acryl-amides polymers(Poly NIPAM) and its blocks copolymers, Poly methyl vinyl
ether(PMVE) etc.
C. Magnetic-sensitive systems:
• This concept is based upon conjugation of a drug molecule with magnetic particles and guiding these
magnetic particles towards the intended pathology site under the influence of an external magnetic field.
• Iron oxide nanoparticle, namely magnemite or magnetite, with particle size of 4-10 nm are used.
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45. D. Redox potential sensitive systems:
- The use of high redox potential difference, which exits between the reducing intracellular
space and oxidizing extracellular space, can be utilized for the formulation of stimuli-sensitive systems.
- The active molecule, drug or DNA, are loaded into nanocarriers whose structure is maintained
by disulphide bond.
- These bonds are reduced due to the presence of high glutathione inside the cells, the integrity
of the carrier is compromised and the drug is released.
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46. 46 Summary of Physical targeting

47. Carrier systems
 Particulate Carrier system:
1. Nanoparticles:
Submicron-sized colloidal systems (varying in size from 10 to 100 nm).
• Nanosphere:
Nanoparticles are solid metrical structures with drug
molecules within matrices and/or adsorbed on the
surface of the colloidal carriers.
• Nanocapsules:
small capsules with a central core surrounded by
polymeric shell, where drug molecules may be
dissolved in an oily core or adsorbed to a surface interface.
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48. 48 • Nanotubes:
They are hollow cylinder made of carbon atoms
which can be filled and sealed for potential drug delivery.
Application :Cellular scale needle for attaching drug molecule
to cancer cells.
• Nanoshells:
They are hollow silica spheres covered with gold.
Scientists can attach antibodies to their surfaces, enabling
the shells to target certain shells such as cancer cells.
Application: Technique has potential for targeting cancerous drug.
• Quantum dots:
They are miniscule semiconductor particles that can
serve as sign posts of certain types of cells or molecules in the body.
Application: Technique haspotential for targeting cancerous drug.

49. • Nano pores:
Engineered into particles, they are holes that are so tiny that
DNA molecules can pass through them one strand at a time,
allowing for highly precise and efficient DNA sequencing.
Application: Potential in genetic engineering and bio-technology.
• Solid lipid nanoparticles:
SLN made of solid lipids are submicron colloidal carriers.
These consist of a solid hydrophobic core having a monolayer
of phospholipids coating.
• Polymeric nanoparticles:
Colloidal carriers based on biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric systems have largely influenced
the controlled and targeted drug delivery concept.
Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles: Polylactic acid(PLA), Polyglycolic acid(PGA), Polylactic-glycolic acid
etc.
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50. • Ceramic nanoparticles:
These are made of inorganic compounds such as silica, titania, and alumina.
Size: less 50 nm
These particles provide complete protection to the entrapped molecules such as protein, enzymes and
against denaturizing effects of external pH and temperature.
• Nanocrystals and nanosuspensions-nanocrystals:
They are aggregated of around hundreds or thousands of molecules that combine in a crystalline form,
composed of pure drug, with only a thin coating comprised of surfactant.
known as “ nanonization ”
The dry powder is dispersed in an aqueous surfactant solution by high speed stirring.
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51. • Dendrimers:
Dendrimers precisely defined, synthetic nanoparticles
that are approximately 510 nm in diameter.
They are made up of layers of polymer surrounding a
control core.
The dendrimers surface contains many different site
to which drugs may be attached.
Application: In gene transfection and medical imaging.
2. Lipid Emulsions:
Lipid emulsion are heterogenous dispersion of two
immiscible liquids.
They are subjected to various instability processes
such as aggregation, flocculation, coalescence.
Oil-in-water type of Lipid emulsion are colloidal carrier
systems which have various therapeutic application.
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52. 3. Ethosomes:
Developed for delivering the drugs having low penetration power through skin.
Soft lipid vesicles : size range from tens of nanometers to microns.
Containing phospholipids, alcohol : high concentration and water.
Better skin permeation ability.
Surface negative net charge to ethosomes due to which size of vesicles decreases.
Used for delivery of various antifungal agents, antiviral agents.
Pharmacological efficacy in drug targeting : transdermal and dermal sites
for the treatment of various skin diseases.
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53. 4. Aquasomes:
- One of the most recently developed delivery system for
bioactive molecules.
- Aquasomes are three layered structures. (core, coating and drug)
- Self-assembled through non covalent bonds, ionic bonds and
Vander Waals forces.
- Aquasomes are spherical 60- 300nm size particles .
- Aquasomes can be used as red blood cell substitutes:
release of oxygen by hemoglobin.
5. Pharmacosomes:
- Novel vesicular drug delivery systems.
- Provides maximum entrapment efficiency.
- The three main components for the preparation: drug, solvent and lipid.
- Drug should contain active hydrogen atom, esterified with lipid and form amphiphilic complexes,
which facilitate membrane transfer.
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Used as vaccines for delivery of viral
antigen, targeted intracellulargene
therapy, for delivery of insulin and
enzymes like DNAase and
pigments/dyes .

54. 6. Microemulsions:
- The terms ‘used’ are “transparent emulsion”, “micelller emulsion” or “ swollen micellar emulsion”
- Defined as any multicomponent fluid made of water, a hydrophobic liquid and several surfactants.
- Thermodynamically stable colloidal dispersions of water and oil stabilized by surfactant.
7. Virosomes:
- Immunomodulating liposomes: surface glycoprotein influenza virus muramyl dipeptide.
- Must be target-oriented and their fusogenic characteristics used in genome grafting
and cellular microinjection.
8. Cubosomes:
- Liquid crystalline phase forming small cubic particles suitable for injection.
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55. 9. Exosomes:
- Nanosized, membrane-derived extracellular vesicles released from the most of cell types and
responsible for intracellular communications.
- bioavailable vehicles, well-tolerated, bioactive, specific to their target cells, resistant to metabolic
processes.
Images of nanoparticles:
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56.  APTAMERS:
- Short, chemically synthesized single-chain oligonucleotides(RNA, DNA), with a specific
three-dimensional structure that can form complexes with specific protein.
- Binding property similar to antibodies.
- Substitute of antibodies.
- Uses: Diverse diagnostic, therapeutic, imaging, and gene-regulatory application
- FDA approved drug: Pegaptanib, Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor use in neovascular
age-related macular degeneration.
 3D Printing:
- Form of additive manufacturing, uses computer-aided drafting technology and programming of
3D object by depositing or binding materials in successive layers.
- Levetiracetam is only one drug approved by FDA.
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57. Conclusion
• With the development of material science, pharmaceutical sciences and biomedical science, various
controlled releasing nanomaterials will be used for smart DDSs in the future.
• Although smart nano-DDSs have shown to be much more efficient in both diagnosis and therapy, potential
drugability still needs to be evaluated before the smart DDSs reach to clinics.
• It will be an enormous challenge for researchers to improve preclinical research of advanced DDSs to
reproducible and translatable production to clinical-trial success.
• Nevertheless, it is must be kept in mind that patients treatments are the ultimate purpose of all our efforts.
• Future work about smart DDSs for controlled drug delivery should be focused on the study of clinical
translation to ensure more stimulus.
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58. Conclusion
• With the development of material science, pharmaceutical sciences and biomedical science, various
controlled releasing nanomaterials will be used for smart DDSs in the future.
• Although smart nano-DDSs have shown to be much more efficient in both diagnosis and therapy, potential
drugability still needs to be evaluated before the smart DDSs reach to clinics.
• It will be an enormous challenge for researchers to improve preclinical research of advanced DDSs to
reproducible and translatable production to clinical-trial success.
• Nevertheless, it is must be kept in mind that patients treatments are the ultimate purpose of all our efforts.
• Future work about smart DDSs for controlled drug delivery should be focused on the study of clinical
translation to ensure more stimulus.
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59. THANK YOU
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