"आधुनिक भौतिकी के परिप्रेक्ष्य एवं आधारभूत इलेक्ट्रानिक्स" पर प्रस्तुत पुस्तक समस्त उत्तर प्रदेश विश्वविद्यालयों की बी०एससी० द्वितीय वर्ष (चतुर्थ सेमेस्टर) के विद्यार्थियों हेतु राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति (NEP 2020) के अन्तर्गत स्वीकृत सामान्य न्यूनतम पाठ्यक्रम के आधार पर संकलित की गई है। ये पुस्तक डॉ. जे.पी अग्रवाल और डॉ. विनय दुआ के द्वारा लिखा गया है इस पुस्तक में राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति के सम्पूर्ण तकनीकी तथ्यों के आधार पर पाठ्यक्रम को निर्धारित क्रम में अवलोकित कराया गया है।

2. Pragati’s
izxfr izdk’ku
PRAGATI
(
yeer.Sme.meer. efÉleerÙe Je<e&, ÛelegLe& mescesmšj kesâ efJe]ÅeeefLe&ÙeeW kesâ efueS)
je<š^erÙe efMe#ee veerefle 2020 kesâ Devegmeej mecemle Gòej ØeosMe efJeMJeefJeÅeeueÙeeW kesâ
DeeOegefvekeâ Yeeweflekeâer kesâ heefjØes#Ùe
SJeb
DeeOeejYetle Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâer
[e@. pes.heer. De«eJeeue
efveosMekeâ
ke=â<Cee keâe@uespe Dee@heâ meeFbme (efyepeveewj)
hetJe& DeOÙe#e, Yeeweflekeâer efJeYeeie
Jeæ&ceeve (heesmš-«espegSš) keâe@uespe
efyepeveewj
[e@. efJeveÙe ogDee
DeOÙe#e, Yeeweflekeâ efJe%eeve
Deej.Sme.Sce. (heer.peer.) keâe@uespe
Oeecehegj (efyepeveewj)

3. Published by A.K. Mittal for Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Page Layout : Pragati Prakashan and Printed at
Honey Process, Meerut.
Price : ` 360/-
First Edition 2023
ISBN : 978-93-5531-764-3
Author
DeeOegefvekeâ Yeeweflekeâer kesâ ØeefjØes#Ùe SJeb DeeOeejYetle Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâer
uesKekeâ : [e@0 pes.heer. De«eJeeue, [e@0 efJeveÙe ogDee
PRAGATI PRAKASHAN
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pragatiprakashan@gmail.com
www.pragatiprakashan.co.in;
www.pragatiprakashan.in
info e pragati prakashan.in

4. ØeekeäkeâLeve
‘‘DeeOegefvekeâ Yeeweflekeâer kesâ heefjØes#Ùe SJeb DeeOeejYetle Fueskeäš^eefvekeäme’’ hej Øemlegle hegmlekeâ mecemle Gòej ØeosMe
efJeMJeefJeÅeeueÙeeW keâer yeer0Sme-meer0 efÉleerÙe Je<e& (ÛelegLe& mescesmšj) kesâ efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW nsleg je<š^erÙe efMe#ee veerefle (NEP 2020)
kesâ Devleie&le mJeerke=âle meeceevÙe vÙetvelece hee"Ÿe›eâce kesâ DeeOeej hej mebkeâefuele keâer ieF& nw~ Fme hegmlekeâ ceW je<š^erÙe efMe#ee veerefle kesâ
mechetCe& lekeâveerkeâer leLÙeeW kesâ DeeOeej hej hee"Ÿe›eâce keâes efveOee&efjle ›eâce ceW DeJeueesefkeâle keâjeÙee ieÙee nw~
mechetCe& hegmlekeâ keâes oes YeeieeW ‘De’ Je ‘ye’ ceW efJeYeòeâ efkeâÙee ieÙee nw—
Yeeie ‘De’ DeeOegefvekeâ Yeeweflekeâer kesâ heefjØes#Ùe
Yeeie ‘ye’ DeeOeejYetle Fueskeäš^eefvekeäme
Yeeie ‘De’ keâes hegve: Ûeej ÙetefvešeW (FkeâeFÙeeW) ceW efJeYeòeâ efkeâÙee ieÙee nw—
! ØeLece Ùetefveš
! efÉleerÙe Ùetefveš—FmeceW meehesef#ekeâlee-meehes#ekeâerÙe ieefle keâer efJemleejhetJe&keâ JÙeeKÙee keâer ieF& nw~
! le=leerÙe Ùetefveš—Fme Ùetefveš ceW lejbie kesâ keâCe iegCe SJeb keâCe keâer lejbie Øeke=âefle keâe efJemleejhetJe&keâ JeCe&ve efkeâÙee
ieÙee nw~
! ÛelegLe& Ùetefveš—FmeceW keäJeeCšce Ùeebef$ekeâer kesâ heefjÛeÙe keâe JeCe&ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nQ~
Yeeie ‘ye’ keâes hegve: Ûeej ÙetefvešeW ceW efJeYeòeâ efkeâÙee ieÙee nw—
! hebÛece Ùetefveš—FmeceW š^ebefpemšj yeeÙeefmebie keâe hetCe& JeCe&ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
! <e‰ce Ùetefveš—FmeceW ØeJeOe&keâeW keâer mebjÛevee, DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ iegCeeW keâe hetCe& JeCe&ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
! mehlece Ùetefveš—Fme Ùetefveš ceW hegveYe&jCe SJeb oesefue$e heefjheLeeW keâe efJemleejhetJe&keâ JeCe&ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ meeLe ner
$e+Ceelcekeâ hegveYe&jCe kesâ ueeYe, efJeefYeVe Øekeâej kesâ oesefue$eeW keâe GefÛele JeCe&ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
! De°ce Ùetefveš—Fme Ùetefveš ceW levleg ØekeâeefMekeâer keâe heefjÛeÙe efoÙee ieÙee nw SJeb Fmekesâ mebÛeej ›eâeefvle ceW Fmekesâ
cenlJe keâe JeCe&ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
Fme hegmlekeâ keâer Yee<ee SJeb ØeJeen DelÙevle megiece nw SJeb meYeer leLÙeeW keâes leee|keâkeâ SJeb ØeYeeJeer ™he mes Øemlegle efkeâÙee
ieÙee nw~ efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙeerÙe hejer#ee ØeMvehe$eeW kesâ veJeervelece hewšve& keâes Âef°iele jKeles ngS meYeer Øekeâej kesâ ØeMveeW keâe GefÛele
meceeJesMe efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
efJeefMe° ™he mes Deheves ceneefJeÅeeueÙe kesâ ØeeÛeeÙe& Øees0 jekesâMe kegâceej SJeb DevÙe ØeeOÙeehekeâeW [e@0 cegkegâue efkeâMeesj, [e@0
Devegpe De«eJeeue, [e@0 Deefveue Ûeewneve, [e@0 megvoj efmebn, [e@0 DeefJeveeMe, [e@0 Øeceeso kegâceej, [e@0 ØeMeevle keâesnueer, [e@0
DeeMeer<e mekeämesvee, [e@0 meercee lesJeefleÙee, [e@0 yeÇnce efmebn, [e@0 jepet, ßeer Devegpe kegâceej, [e@0 meefÛeve mekeämesvee, [e@0 efJeMeeue
mekeämesvee, [e@0 Øeceeso mekeämesvee Deeefo kesâ ùoÙe mes DeeYeejer nw~ efpevekeâe menÙeesie SJeb ceeie&oMe&ve nceW meceÙe-meceÙe hej Øeehle
ngDee~ nce ßeer DepeÙe efceòeue, ßeer mebpeÙe efceòeue peer mebÛeeuekeâ Øeieefle ØekeâeMeve cesj" keâe meùoÙe DeeYeej JÙeòeâ keâjles nQ
efpevekesâ DeYetlehetJe& ØeÙeemeeW Éeje hegmlekeâ megJÙeJeefmLele cetle&™he ceW Deehekesâ meccegKe nw~
DelÙevle meeJeOeeefveÙeeW kesâ he§eele Yeer kegâÚ $egefšÙeeB mecYeJe nes mekeâleer nQ~ hegmlekeâ keâer efJe<eÙe meece«eer ceW megOeej keâer Âef°
mes hee"keâeW Éeje Yespes ieÙes jÛeveelcekeâ megPeeJeeW keâe nee|okeâ mJeeiele nesiee~
nce osJeer ogiee& kesâ ÛejCeeW ceW Meled-Meled veceve keâjles nQ efpevekeâer Demeerce ke=âhee mes Ùen keâeÙe mecheVe ngDee~
— [e@0 efJeveÙe ogDee
—FmeceW meehesef#ekeâlee-ØeeÙeesefiekeâ he=<"Yetefce keâe efJemleejhetJe&keâ JeCe&ve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~

5. PART-A : PERSPECTIVES OF MODERN PHYSICS
Unit-I : Relativity-Experimental Background
Structure of space & time in Newtonian mechanics and inertial & non-inertial frames. Galilean
transformations. Newtonian relativity. Galilean transformation and Electromagnetism. Attempts to
locate the Absolute Frame : Michelson-Morley experiment and significance of the null result, E#instein’s
postulates of special theory of relativity.
Unit-II : Relativity-Relativistic Kinematics
Structure of space & time in Relativistic mechanics and derivation of Lorentz transformation
equations (4-vector formulation included). Consequences of Lorentz Transformation Equations
(derivations & examples included): Transformation of Simultaneity (Relativity of simultaneity):
Transformation of Length (Length contraction); Transformation of Time (Time dilation); Transformation
of Velocity (Relativistic velocity addition); Transformation of Acceleration; Transformation of Mass
(Variation of mass with velocity). Relation between Energy & Mass (Einstein’s mass & energy relation)
and Energy & Momentum.
Unit-III : Inadequacies of Classical Mechanics
Particle Properties of Waves: Spectrum of Black Body radiation, Photoelectric effect, Compton
effect and their explanations based on Max Planck’s Quantum hypothesis.
Wave Properties of Particles : Louis de Broglie’s hypothesis of matter waves and their
experimental verification by Davisson-Germer's experiment and Thomson’s experiment.
Unit-IV : Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
Matter Waves: Mathematical representation, Wavelength, Concept of Wave group, Group
(particle) velocity, Phase (wave) velocity and relation between Group & Phase velocities.
Wave Function: Functional form, Normalisation of wave function, Orthogonal & Orthonormal
wave functions and Probabilistic interpretation of wave function based on Born Rule.
PART-B : BASIC ELECTRONICS & INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTICS
Unit-V : Transistor Biasing
Faithful amplification & need for biasing. Stability Factors and its calculation for transistor
biasing circuits for CE configuration: Fixed Bias (Base Resistor Method), Emitter Bias (Fixed Bias with
Emitter Resistor), Collector to Base with Collector Feedback) & Voltage Divider Bias, Discussion of
Emitter-Follower configuration.
Unit-VI : Amplifiers
Classification of amplifiers based on Mode of operation (Class A, B, AB, C & D), Stages (single &
multi stage, cascade & cascode connections). Coupling methods (RC, Transformer, Direct & LC
couplings), Nature of amplification (Voltage & Power amplification) and Frequency capabilities (AF, IF,
RF & VF).
Theory & working of RC coupled voltage amplifier (Uses of various resistors & capacitors, and
Frequency response) and Transformer coupled power amplifier (calculation of Power. Effect of
temperature, Use of heat sink & Power dissipation).
Calculation of Amplifier Efficiency (power efficiency) for Class A Series-Fed. Class A Transformer
Coupled, Class B Series-Fed and Class B Transformer Coupled amplifiers.
Unit-VII : Feedback & Oscillator Circuits
Feedback Circuits: Effects of positive and negative feedback. Voltage Series, Voltage Shunt,
Current Series and Current Shunt feedback connection types and their uses for specific amplifiers.
Estimation of Input Impedance, Output Impedance, Gain, Stability, Distortion, Noise and Band width for
Voltage Series negative feedback and their comparison between different negative feedback connection
types.
Oscillator Circuits: Use of positive feedback for oscillator operation. Barkhausen criterion for self-
sustained oscillations. Feedback factor and frequency of oscillation for RC Phase Shift oscillator and
Wein Bridge oscillator. Qualitative discussion of Reactive Network feedback oscillators (Tuned oscillator
circuits): Hartley & Colpitt oscillators.
Unit-VIII : Introduction to Fiber Optics
Basics of Fiber Optics, Step index, fiber, graded index fiber, light propagation through an optical fiber,
acceptance angle & numerical aperture, qualitative discussion of fiber losses and applications of optical
fibers.
hee"Ÿe›eâce

6. efJe<eÙe-metÛeer
FkeâeF&-1 : meehesef#ekeâlee–ØeeÙeesefiekeâ he=‰Yetefce
DeOÙeeÙe 1. meehesef#ekeâlee kesâ efmeæevle keâer ØeeÙeesefiekeâ he=<"Yetefce 1-27
1. ØemleeJevee 3
2. peÌ[lJeerÙe efveoxMe Øesâce 4
3. iewueerueerÙe ™heevlejCe 4
4. efkeâmeer keâCe keâe Jesie leLee lJejCe kesâ iewueerueerÙeve ™heevlejCe 6
5. iewueerueerÙe efveMÛejlee 7
6. DepeÌ[lJeerÙe Øesâce leLee Úodce yeue 8
7. Úodce yeue kesâ GoenjCe 9
8. IetCeeaÙe Øesâce leLee keâesefjDeesefueme ØecesÙe 9
9. JewÅegle ieeflekeâer 12
10. JewÅegle ÛegcyekeâlJe SJeb iewueerefueÙeve ™heevlejCe 13
11. ceeFkeâumeve-ceesuex keâe ØeÙeesie 16
12. efJeefMe<š meehes#elee efmeæevle kesâ DeefYe«enerle 19
ØeMveeJeueer 24
FkeâeF&-2 : meehesef#ekeâlee-meehes#ekeâerÙe ieeflekeâer
DeOÙeeÙe 2. meehesef#ekeâerÙe ieeflekeâer 28-61
1. ØemleeJevee 28
2. ue@ejsvpe ™heevlejCe meceerkeâjCeW 28
3. DeeYeemeer uecyeeF& mebkegâÛeve 33
4. keâeue-Je=efæ (ieefleMeerue IeefÌ[ÙeeW keâe DeeYeemeer cevove) 36
5. mecekeâeefuekeâlee keâer meehes#elee 38
6. JesieeW kesâ Ùeesie keâe efveÙece 39
7. õJÙeceeve keâe Jesie kesâ meehes#e heefjJele&ve 41
8. õJÙeceeve-Tpee& leguÙelee mecyevOe 45
9. Deehes#ekeâerÙe mebJesie leLee Tpee& kesâ yeerÛe mecyevOe 47
ØeMveeJeueer 52
FkeâeF&-3 : efÛejmeccele Ùeebef$ekeâer keâer DeheÙee&hleleeSB
DeOÙeeÙe 3. lejbieesW kesâ keâCe iegCe 62-100
1. ØemleeJevee 62
2. hueebkeâ keäJeevšce efmeæevle 63
3. heâesše@veeW kesâ DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ iegCe 63
4. ke=âef<Cekeâe efJeefkeâjCe keâe mhewkeäš^ce 66
5. ØekeâeMe JewÅegle ØeYeeJe 68
6. ØekeâeMe JewÅegle Glmepe&ve kesâ efveÙece 71
7. ØekeâeMe-JewÅegle ØeYeeJe keâe DeeFvmešerve keâe efmeæevle 71
8. DeeFvmešerve keâer ØekeâeMe-JewÅegle meceerkeâjCe keâe ØeeÙeesefiekeâ melÙeeheve 72
9. keâe@chešve ØeYeeJe 79
10. keâe@chešve ØeYeeJe keâe ØeeÙeesefiekeâ melÙeeheve 85
11. ØekeâeMe JewÅegle ØeYeeJe leLee keâe@chešve ØeYeeJe kesâ yeerÛe Devlej 86
ØeMveeJeueer 92
Yeeie A : DeeOegefvekeâ Yeeweflekeâer kesâ heefjØes#Ùe

7. DeOÙeeÙe 4. keâCeeW keâer lejbie Øeke=âefle : lejbie keâCe Éwlelee 101-126
1. ØemleeJevee 101
2. šsuej keâe ØeÙeesie-ØekeâeMe keâer keäJeevšce Øeke=âefle SJeb heâesše@veeW keâe efJeJele&ve 102
3. õJÙe lejbieW ([er-yeÇe@ieueer lejbieW) 105
4. õJÙe lejbieeW kesâ [er-yeÇe@ieueer efmeæevle keâe ØeeÙeesefiekeâ melÙeeheve 115
(A) [sefJemeve leLee pece&j keâe ØeÙeesie 115
(B) [sefJemeve leLee pece&j keâe ØeÙeesie 117
(C) Fueskeäš^e@veeW keâe $e+peg keâesj efJeJele&ve Øeefleceeve 118
(D) Fueskeäš^e@veeW keâer meneÙelee mes efÉ-efmueš JÙeeflekeâjCe Øeefleceeve 119
5. nerefueÙece leLee vÙetš^e@ve hegbpeeW keâe yeÇwie hejeJele&ve 119
6. Fueskeäš^e@ve efJeJele&ve kesâ DevegØeÙeesie 120
ØeMveeJeueer 121
FkeâeF&-4 : keäJeevšce Ùeebef$ekeâer keâe heefjÛeÙe
DeOÙeeÙe 5. õJe lebjieW 127-149
1. ØemleeJevee 127
2. [er-yeÇe@ieueer lejbieeW kesâ efueS lejbie Jesie SJeb mecetn Jesie 127
3. keâuee Jesie SJeb mecetn Jesie kesâ yeerÛe mecyevOe 130
4. Skeâ Demeehes#ekeâerÙe cegòeâ keâCe kesâ efueS keâuee Jesie SJeb mecetn kesâ yeerÛe mecyevOe 131
5. mecetn Jesie SJeb keâCe Jesie ceW mecyevOe 131
6. neFpesveyeie& keâe DeefveefMÛelelee efmeæevle 132
7. DeefveefMÛelelee efmeæevle keâe ieefCeleerÙe efveieceve 134
8. DeefveefMÛelelee efmeæevle kesâ ØeÙeesefiekeâ mee#Ùe 135
9. DeefveefMÛelelee efmeæevle kesâ DevegØeÙeesie 137
10. neF[^espeve keâe yeesnj cee@[ue SJeb DeefveefMÛelelee efmeæevle 138
11. mLetue JemlegDeeW kesâ efueS DeefveefMÛelelee efmeæevle 138
12. ØekeâeMe leLee õJÙe keâer Éwleer Øeke=âefle 13
13. hetjkeâlee efmeæevle 143
ØeMveeJeueer 145
DeOÙeeÙe 6. lejbie heâueve 150-168
1. lejbie heâueve (y
) keâer Yeeweflekeâ JÙeeKÙee 150
2. lejbieheâueve keâe ØeemeeceevÙeerkeâjCe 152
3. lejbie heâueve kesâ uecyekeâesefCekeâ iegCe 153
4. ieeflekeâ Ûej jeefMeÙeeW kesâ ØelÙeeMee ceeve 154
5. ØeeefÙekeâlee Oeeje IevelJe DeLeJee keâCe heäuekeäme 156
ØeMveeJeueer 163
FkeâeF&-5 : š^ebefpemšj yeeÙeefmebie
DeOÙeeÙe 1. š^ebefpemšj yeeÙeefmebie 1-26
1. ØemleeJevee 3
2. mLeeefÙelJe iegCekeâ SJeb GYeÙeefve<" efJevÙeeme kesâ efueS Fmekeâer ieCevee 6
3. T<ceerÙe ueeshe 7
4. š^ebefpemšj yeeÙeefmebie keâer efJeefOeÙeeB 7
(i) efmLej yeeÙeme 7 (ii) meb«eÇenkeâ mes DeeOeej yeeÙeeEmeie 8
(iii) Glmepe&keâ yeeÙeeEmeie 10 (iv) efJeYeJe efJeYeepekeâ yeeÙeeEmeie 11
(vi)
Yeeie B : DeeOeejYetle Fueskeäš^eefvekeâer SJeb levleg ØekeâeefMekeâer keâe heefjÛeÙe

8. 5. Glmepe&keâ Devegieeceer 13
6. efo<š Oeeje (DC) uees[ jsKee 18
7. ØelÙeeJeleea uees[ jsKee 20
ØeMveeJeueer 25
FkeâeF&-6 : ØeJeOe&keâ
DeOÙeeÙe 2. š^ebefpemšj ØeJeOe&keâ 27-65
1. ØemleeJevee 27
2. ØeJeOe&keâeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe 27
3. ØeJeOe&keâ kesâ ØeÛeeueve keâe meeceevÙe efmeæevle 30
4. Skeâue ÛejCe ØeJeOe&keâ 31
(i) GYeÙeefve‰ DeeOeej š^ebefpemšj ØeJeOe&keâ 31
(ii) GYeÙeefve<" Glmepe&keâ š^ebefpemšj ØeJeOe&keâ 32
5. mebkeâj meceleguÙe heefjheLe Éeje GYeÙeefve‰ Glmepe&keâ š^ebefpemšj ØeJeOe&keâ keâe efJeMues<eCe 36
6. GYeÙeefve‰ Glmepe&keâ ØeJeOe&keâ kesâ mejueerke=âle mebkeâj leguÙe heefjheLe Éeje ØeJeOe&keâ ØeeÛeue 39
7. GYeÙeefve‰ DeeOeej mebkeâj leguÙe heefjheLe mes ØeJeOe&keâ ØeeÛeue 40
8. GYeÙeefve‰ meb«eenkeâ mebkeâj leguÙe heefjheLe mes ØeJeOe&keâ ØeeÛeue 41
9. h ØeeÛeue keâe ™heevlejCe 42
10. yengÛejCe ØeJeOe&keâ 44
11. yengÛejCe ØeJeOe&keâ ceW Jeesušspe ueeYe 45
12. š^ebefpemšj ØeJeOe&keâ keâe ØeeÙeesefiekeâ heefjheLe 46
13. ceewefuekeâ A.C. meceleguÙe heefjheLe 47
14. ØeeflejesOe-Oeeefjlee (R-C) Ùegeficele ØeJeOe&keâ 47
15. R-C Ùegiceve ØeJeOe&keâ keâe ieefCeleerÙe eqJeMues<eCe 49
16. š^ebmeheâece&j Ùegeficele ØeJeOe&keâ 56
ØeMveeJeueer 58
DeOÙeeÙe 3. Meefòeâ ØeJeOe&keâ 66-90
1. ØemleeJevee 66
2. Meefòeâ ØeJeOe&keâ keâe JeieeakeâjCe 67
3. Jeie& A Meefòeâ ØeJeOe&keâ 68
4. š^ebmeheâece&j Ùegeficele Jeie& A Meefòeâ ØeJeOe&keâ 70
5. ØeJeOe&keâeW ceW efJe™heCe 73
6. hegMe-hegue Jeie& A Meefòeâ ØeJeOe&keâ 74
7. Jeie& B hegMe-hegue ØeJeOe&keâ 76
8. Jeie& AB ØeÛeeueve 80
9. hetjkeâ-meceefcele hegMe-hegue ØeJeOe&keâ 80
ØeMveeJeueer 85
FkeâeF&-7 : hegveYe&jCe SJeb oesefue$e heefjheLe
DeOÙeeÙe 4. hegveYe&jCe efmeæevle 91-123
1. hegveYe&jCe keâer DeJeOeejCe 91
2. hegveYe&jCe keâe ceewefuekeâ efmeæevle 91
3. $e+Ceelcekeâ hegveYe&jCe heefjheLe 92
(a) $e+Ceelcekeâ Jeesušspe hegveYe&jCe 93
(b) $e+Ceelcekeâ Oeeje hegveYe&jCe 93
(vii)

9. 4. DeGlmepe&keâ Devegieeceer 102
5. Gheceeefie&le Glmepe&keâ ØeeflejesOe kesâ meeLe CE ØeJeOe&keâ 104
6. $e+Ceelcekeâ hegveYe&jCe kesâ ueeYe 108
7. Jeesušspe $e+Ceelcekeâ hegveYe&jCe š^ebefpemšj heefjheLe 116
8. Oeeje $e+Ceelcekeâ hegveYe&jCe š^ebefpemšj ØeJeOe&keâ 117
ØeMveeJeueer 120
DeOÙeeÙe 5. oesefue$e 124-143
1. ØemleeJevee 124
2. š^ebefpemšj oesefue$e keâer DeefveJeeÙe&leeSB 124
3. oesueve keâe efmeæevle 125
4. oesefue$eeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe 126
5. mJele: Gòespeve kesâ efueS ØeefleyevOe (oesueve kesâ efueS yeeke&âneTpesve keâer keâmeewšer) 127
6. Jeerve-mesleg oesefue$e 128
7. oesefue$e GYeÙeefve‰ Glmepe&keâ keâuee efJemLeehekeâ 130
8. mecemJeefj$e meb«eenkeâ oesefue$e 133
9. neš&ues oesefue$e 134
10. keâesueefhele oesefue$e 138
ØeMveeJeueer 141
FkeâeF&-8 : levleg ØekeâeefMekeâer keâe heefjÛeÙe
DeOÙeeÙe 6. levleg ØekeâeefMekeâer 144-168
1. ØemleeJevee 144
2. levleg ØekeâeefMekeâe 145
3. levleg keâer yeveeJeš 146
4. levleg kesâ mebÛeeueve keâe efmeæevle 147
5. levleg kesâ Øekeâej 147
6. Deebefkeâkeâ Éejkeâ 153
7. efJeOeeDeeW keâer mebKÙee SJeb heâeFyej kesâ Deblekeâ ØeeÛeue 155
8. ØekeâeefMekeâ levleg ceW mebÛejCe keâer ef›eâÙeeefJeefOe 157
9. ØekeâeefMekeâ levleg ceW mebÛeej 160
10. HeâeFyej ceW neefveÙeeB 163
11. ØekeâeefMekeâ levleg kesâ ueeYe 165
12. ØekeâeefMekeâ levleg kesâ DevegØeÙeesie 166
ØeMveeJeueer 166
(viii)