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softwares in public health
1. Dr. Pragyan Paramita Parija
Department of Community Medicine,
VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, NewDelhi
1
2. Introduction
Steps for use of softwares
Applications of statistical softwares in public health
Advantages of using computer softwares
Briefly about some softwares
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION:
3. STATISTICS derived from the
New Latin statisticum collegium ("council of state")
Italian word statista ("statesman" or "politician").
It was introduced into English in 1791 by Sir John Sinclair
when he published the first of 21 volumes titled Statistical
Account of Scotland.
STATISTICS*: Statistics is the study of the collection,
organization, analysis, and interpretation of data
*BIOSTATISTICS A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, WAYNE W. DANIEL
Introduction
4. Biostatistics*:
Biostatistics is the term used when tools of statistics are
applied to the data that is derived from biological sciences,
particularly from the fields of Medicine and public health.
*BIOSTATISTICS A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, WAYNE W. DANIEL,
5. A. Preparing for the study
B. Tools
C. Analysis
D. Programmes for specific task
* Abramsons and abramsons
STEPS FOR RESEARCH:
6. 1. Reference Management
2. Sample Size and Power
3. Planning A clinical Trial
4. Web based survey
A. Preparing for study
7. 1. Reference management:
a) BiblioExpress: store, arrange, sort, format, export reference(
reference manager)
b) Zotero: + automatically captures citations from most of the pages(
Reference manager + information manager).It is an add on to the
free browser FIREFOX, it can be used only if firefox is open.
c) Mendley:
d) MyNCBI: Allow users to save pubmed researches only.
e) Mekentosj papers: large collection of PDF files managed more
easily. only available for Apple macintosh users, no version for
windows.
f) citeUlike
g) Connotea
h) Hubmed
8. 2. Sample Size and Power:
1. Describe
2. Compare2
3. PS
4. PASS
5. Lenth's Java Applets for power and sample size
6. OpenEpi
7. GPower
8. Power upR
9.
10. 3. Planning a clinical trial: Trial protocol Tool
4. Web surveys: Google forms, Survey forms flash out
while surfing nets, Satisfaction forms after foods at many
restaurants on Tabs.
12. C. Analysis: General - by Softwares
D. Anaalysis: Specific Task -
1. Misclassification- Describe( single variable),
Comapre2( unpaired data), Pairsetc( paired data)
2. Assessing a scale- Etcetera( compute Cronbach's alpha)
3. Others
13. 1. To provide the magnitude of any health problem in the
community.
2. To find out the basic factors underlying the ill-health
3. To calculate sample size from large study population while
conducting study/ research in the community.
4. To calculate survival rates of various diseases
5. To examine association between two variables in a given
study.
APPLICATIONS OF BIOSTATS IN PUBLIC HEALTH:
14. 6. To study the prevalence and incidence of a disease.
7. To find out odds ratio, relative risk, attributable risk in case-
control and cohort study.
8. To find out normal distribution of a disease or health related
event
9. To test usefulness of sera and vaccines in the field -
percentages of attacks or deaths among the vaccinated
subjects is compared with that among the unvaccinated ones
to find whether the difference observed is statistically
significant
15. 10. In epidemiological studies - the role of causative factors is
statistically tested.
11. In planning cycle for analysis of health situation
12. To evaluate the health programs which was introduced in the
community (success/failure).
12. To introduce and promote health legislation.
16. 1. Accuracy and speed :
2. Versality :
3. Graphics:
4. Flexibility:
5. New variables:
6. Volume of data:
7. Easy transfer of data:
Advantages of using a computer software:
17. Applications of statistical software in medical field :
1. compilation, tabulation and diagrammatic presentation
2. Finding averages, coefficient of variation, standard deviation
and standard error and percentiles
3. The application of tests of significance such as Z, t, X2 ,
correlation and regression coefficients
4. Construction of life tables to find longevity of life at birth and
at any age
18. Commonly used Statistical softwares:
1. EXCEL
2. Epi Info
3. IBM SPSS
4. STATA
5. SAS
6. R Statistical software
20. Types of statistical software
window Syntax Window+
syntax
Epi info SAS SPSS
MS Excel R STATA
21. Microsoft Excel
COST
Individual License for
Microsoft Office Professional
$350
Microsoft Office University
Student License: $99
Volume Discounts available
for large organizations and
universities
Free Starter Version available
on some new PCs
PRO
Nearly ubiquitous and is often
pre-installed on new
computers
User friendly
Very good for basic
descriptive statistics, charts
and plots
CON
Costs money
Not sufficient for anything
beyond the most basic
statistical analysis
21
22. SPSS
COST
From $1000 to $12000 per
license depending on license
type.
CON
Very expensive
Not adequate for modeling and
cutting edge statistical analysis
Not able to receive command of
formulas
Not for systematic review and
metaanalysis
PRO
Easy to learn and use
One of the most widely used
statistical packages in
academics and industry
Has a command line interface
in addition to menu driven user
intefrace
One of the most powerful
statistical package that is also
easy to use.
22
24. SAS: originally used for management and agriculture
COST
Complicated pricing model
$8,500 first year license fee
CON
Not user friendly
Steep learning curve
Relatively poor graphics
capabilities
PRO
Widely accepted as the leader
in statistical analysis and
modeling
Widely used in the industry
and academia
Very flexible and very
powerful.
24
25.
26. STATA
COST
Cheaper than SPSS
CON
Not user friendly
Steap learning curve
PRO
Excellent for data
manipulation
Systematic review and meta
analysis can be done besides
other basic statistical
services
26
27.
28. EpiInfo
PRO
Consists of multiple modules to
accomplish various tasks beyond just
statistical analysis.
ability to rapidly develop a questionnaire
customize the data entry process
quickly enter data into that questionnaire
analyze the data
rapid assesment of outbreaks
display geographic map
clusters and trends of disease can be known
color shaded map created
COST
Free
CON
Not a dedicated
statistical package
Not as powerful as
commercial alternative
for performing
advanced analysis and
modeling
28
29.
30. R
PRO
Widely used and accepted in
academics
Very powerful and flexible
Very large user base
Lots of books and manuals
Several User Interface
Shells available
COST
Free / Open Source
CON
Not user friendly
Requires steep learning
curve
30
31. Introduction: What is SPSS?
Originally it is an acronym of Statistical Package for the
Social Science but now it stands for Statistical Product
and Service Solutions
One of the most popular statistical packages which can
perform highly complex data manipulation and analysis
with simple instructions
32. The Four Windows:
• Data editor
• Output viewer
• Syntax editor
• Script window
33. The Four Windows: Data Editor
Data Editor
Spreadsheet-like system for defining, entering, editing, and displaying
data.
Extension of the saved file will be “sav.”
34. The Four Windows: Output Viewer
Output Viewer
Displays output and errors. Extension of the saved file will be “spv.”
35. The Four Windows: Syntax editor
Syntax Editor
Text editor for syntax composition. Extension of the
saved file will be “sps.”
36. The Four Windows: Script Window
Script Window
Provides the opportunity to write full-blown programs,
in a BASIC-like language. Text editor for syntax
composition. Extension of the saved file will be “sbs.”
37. Opening SPSS
The default window will have the data editor
There are two sheets in the window:
1. Data view 2. Variable view
38. Data View window
The Data View window
This sheet is visible when you first open the Data
Editor and this sheet contains the data
Click on the tab labeled Variable View
Click
39. Variable View window
This sheet contains information about the data set that is stored
with the dataset
Name
The first character of the variable name must be alphabetic
Variable names must be unique, and have to be less than 64
characters.
Spaces are NOT allowed.
39
40. Variable View window: Type
Type
Click on the ‘type’ box. The two basic types of variables
that you will use are numeric and string. This column
enables you to specify the type of variable.
40
41. Variable View window: Width
Width
Width allows you to determine the number of
characters SPSS will allow to be entered for the
variable
41
42. Variable View window: Decimals
Decimals
Number of decimals
It has to be less than or equal to 16
3.14159265
42
43. Variable View window: Label
Label
You can specify the details of the variable
You can write characters with spaces up to 256
characters
43
44. Variable View window: Values
Values
This is used and to suggest which numbers
represent which categories when the variable
represents a category
44
45.
46. Freely available
The software consists of three modules:
1. Anthropometric calculator
2. Individual assessment
3. Nutritional survey
WHO Anthro (version 3.2.2, January 2011)
48. NutriStat is an open source re-creation of NutStat, a nutritional
anthropomentry tool created by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) as part of the Epi Info™
Users will also have the ability to generate z-scores and
percentiles for external data not originally created in NutriStat
Statistical Output:
1. BMI (raw, z-score, and percentile)
2. Head Circumference
3. Height for Age
4. Weight for Age
5. Weight for Height
6. Subscapular skin fold for Age
NutriStat
49. Free / open source Proprietary softwar
Aquad(GPL licence, since version
7) (Windows)
NVivo(Windows; Mac OS
announced for 2014)
ELAN (Java-based for Windows,
Mac OS, Linux)
ATLAS.ti (Windows; Mac OS and
iPad announced)
CATMA 3.2 for Windows, Mac
OS, Linux )
f4analyse( Windows, Mac OS
and Linux)
Statistical software for Qualitative Data analysis
Computer Assisted/Aided Qualitative Data
Analysis Software (CAQDAS)
50. Thematic analysis is the most common form of analysis
in qualitative research.
It emphasizes pinpointing, examining, and recording patterns (or
"themes") within data.The themes become the categories for
analysis.
Thematic analysis is performed through coding in six phases
These phases are:
1. familiarization with data
2. generating initial codes
3. searching for themes among codes
4. reviewing themes
5. defining and naming themes
6. producing the final report
*Guest, Greg(2012). Applied Thematic Analysis. Thousand oaks, California:p11
51. Ministry: Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation
Central level
1. Central Statistical Office (CSO)
2. National Sample Survey office(NSSO)
State level:
1. Directorate of economics and statistics
Statistical bodies in India:
52. STATISTICS JOURNALS:
American Review of Mathematis And Statistics
Bayesian Analysis
Electronic Journal for History of Probability and Statistics
Electronic Journal of Statistics
Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Method
Journal of Statistical Software
Journal of Statistics Education
REVSTAT
SORT
Sankhya - The Indian Journal of Statistics
Statistics Education Research Journal
Statistics on the Internet
The R Journal
53. 1. Abramson JH, Abramson ZH Survey methods in
community medicine:5th edition
2. Dalgaard, P. (2008). Introductory Statistics with R (2nd
edition). New York: Springer
3. Dawson B., Trapp RG, Basic and Clinical Biostatistics,
second edition, 1994
4. Dawson B., Trapp RG, Basic and Clinical Biostatistics,
second edition, 1994
5. A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, Wayne
W Daniel
6. Guest, Greg(2012).Applied Thematic Analysis. Thousand
oaks, California:p11
References: