Communication Process, Types and Models of Communication, Organizational Communication: Formal and Informal means of Communication; Types of Model: Linear, Interactive and Transactional Model.
2. What is Communication?
Communication is the process of conveying information between two or
more people. The communication process is the STEPS THAT WE TAKE
in order to achieve a successful communication.
Examples and Observations:-
Sender and Receiver
Context in the communication process
Feedback
3. Lets put all the components together…
Sender
Encodes
Selects a
channel
Sends
Receiver
receives
Receiver
decodes
Receiver
provides
a
Feedback
4. Organizational Communication
A process by which activities of a society are collected and coordinated
to reach the goals of both individuals and the collective group. It is a
subfield of general communications studies and is often
a component to effective management in a workplace environment.
Its main function is to inform, persuade and promote goodwill.
The flow of communication could be either formal or informal.
12. Formal Communication
A formal communication channel transmits
information such as the goals, policies and
procedures of an organization.
Messages in this type of communication
channel follow a chain of command.
This means information flows from a manager
to his subordinates and they in turn pass on
the information to the next level of staff.
13. Oral Communication
• Between two individuals.
• Exchange ideas through oral words either in face to face or mechanical or electrical device such as
telephone, teleconference etc.
• Can ask questions or explanations or sometimes when not properly understood.
• Meetings and conferences, lectures and interviews.
Written Communication
• When the communication is reduced to black and white (writing), it is called written
communication.
• Extensively used in organisations.
• Constructed over a longer period of time.
• Multiple people can contribute to one document before that document is sent to the intended
audience.
14. Informal Communication
When an organization does not follow any official rules of the organization is called informal
communication.
So, grapevine or informal communication is the process of spontaneous exchange of
information between two or more person at different status without following any prescribed
or official rules, formalities and chain of command in the organizational structure.
Characteristics of grapevine or informal communication:
• Un-official channel of communication
• Not controlled by management
• More reliable information
• Oral way of communication
• Spontaneous
• Multidirectional
15. Directions of Communication
Downward Communication
• Flows from the superiors to subordinates.
• Accepts a hierarchical structure and is based on the assumption that people at the
higher level have the ability and authority to direct the employees.
• Downward communication, if practised without complementing it with upward
communication, will fail because it accepts the premise ” The boss is always right”.
• But it helps in creating an awareness among employees of the objectives, targets and
goals.
• In the armed forces and police department, mostly, only downward communication
exists.
16. Upward Communication
• In an upward communication, the persons from the lower level are expected to have
communication with those who are above them.
• Includes reactions and suggestions from workers, their grievances etc.
• Contents of upward communication are reports, reaction, suggestion statements and
proposals prepared for the submission to the boss.
• Upward communication may cause ego problems to persons in higher hierarchical positions.
• But on the whole, modern management recognises the need for healthy upward
communication to make the organization responsive to suggestions and ideas.
• For example the HRD section take steps to see that a healthy and acceptable upward
communication system is adopted by organizations.
17. Horizontal / Lateral Communication
• The interaction among peer groups is called horizontal communication. Inter departmental
communication is also horizontal communication.
• Constant communication between sales department, production department, quality control
department
• Horizontal communication leads to a better understanding among individuals and
departments, cooperation and coordination.
Diagonal or multi-directional Communication
• Diagonal communication means the use of upward, downward and horizontal communication.
• Diagonal communication leads to better feedback at all levels.
• But such communication should not be allowed to degenerate to a meaningless criss-cross
communication which will lead to chaos and confusion.
