2. • Meaning and concept of classification.
• î Need and advantages of
• Classification.
• î Characteristics of each kingdom with
• suitable examples:
• Monera: bacteria - shape;
• Protista: Amoeba - basic structure;
• Fungi: basic structure of mould;
• Plantae: characteristics and examples (classification of plantae not to be discussed);
• Animalia
• Vertebrates. (b)Invertebrates: 9 major Phyla,
• Porifera, Cnidaria, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda,
Mollusca, Echinodermata)
• (Two characteristics and two examples
• of each Phylum).
Syllabus
4. Why do we classify organisms?
• There are a wide range of life forms (about 10 million −13 million
species) around us. These life forms have existed and evolved on
the Earth over millions of years ago. The huge range of these life
forms makes it very difficult to study them one by one. Therefore,
we look for similarities among them and classify them into different
classes to study these different classes as a whole. Thus,
classification makes our study easier.
5. The range of variations that we see in
life-forms around us
Range of variations observed in daily life are:
• (i) Variety of living organisms in terms of size ranges from
microscopic bacteria to tall trees of 100 metres.
• (ii) The colour, shape, and size of snakes are completely different
from those of lizards.
• (iii) The life span of different organisms is also quite varied. For
example, a crow lives for only 15 years, whereas a parrot lives for
about 140 years.
6. Advantages of classifying organisms
• There are a wide range of life forms (about 10 million-13 million
species) around us. These life forms have existed and evolved on
the Earth over millions of years ago. The huge range of these life
forms makes it very difficult to study them one by one. Therefore,
we look for similarities among them and classify them into different
classes so that we can study these different classes as a whole.
This makes our study easier.
• Therefore, classification serves the following advantages:
• (i) It determines the methods of organising the diversity of life on
Earth.
• (ii) It helps in understanding millions of life forms in detail.
• (iii) It also helps in predicting the line of evolution.
7. Taxonomic hierarchy
Taxonomic hierarchy is the process of
arranging various organisms into
successive levels of the biological
classification either in a decreasing or
an increasing order from kingdom to
species and vice versa.”
Each of this level of the hierarchy is called
the taxonomic category or rank.
In this system of classification, kingdom is
always ranked the highest followed by
division, class, order, family, genus, and
species.
8. • It means an organism of a particular kind whose members can
interbreed among themselves to produce an young ones.Ex- all
house cats of the world belong to one species (may have different
colour , height ,length of the tail yet they all can interbreed)so house
cat is one species .
• Similary all peepal tree , all mango tree , all human of the world are
particular species .
Species -
• Crows around our homes and jungle crows are different from each
other at many features such as size , colour , beak etc.
• The hill crow and the house crow are two different species , they
cannot interbreed , yet they are crows easily made out from other
birds . These two crows belong to the same genus .
Genus {similar species constitute the next higher level
}
• A group of genus with certain characteristics form a family .
Family
9. • A group of related family make order
Order
• Related order make class
Class
• Related class constitute phylum
Phylum {A largest division in the
classification of plants and animals }
12. Monera
• It includes bacteria and algae .
• Single celled organism
• Having no organized nucleus
• Also prokaryotic ( nuclear material DNA is
distributed in the cell without being
enclosed in a nuclear membrane .
• Membrane bound organelles are absent
(mitrochondria, chloroplast )
13. Bacteria
• Bacteria
• Bacteria are microscopic organisms that
can survive in diverse environments. They
can be beneficial as well as harmful. They
possess a simple structure without a
nucleus and a few cell organelles.
• https://youtu.be/sKTyk0P-ufQ
14. Bacterial shape
• Bacteria possess the following different
shapes:
• Cocci- Bacteria are spherical or oval in
shape. These can be micrococcus (single),
diplococcus (in pairs), tetracoccus (in
fours), streptococcus (in chains), and
staphylococcus (in clusters like grapes)
• Bacilli- These are rod-shaped bacteria
with or without flagella.
• Vibrios- These are comma or kidney-
shaped small bacteria with flagella at one
end.
• Spirillum- These are spiral or coiled
shaped. They are rigid forms due to the
spiral structure and bear flagella at one or
both the ends.
• Filament- The body consists of small
filaments like fungal mycelia.
• Stalked- The bacterium possesses a stalk.
• Budded– The body of the bacterium is
swollen at places.
15. Protista
• Unicellular but eukaryotic
• Single celled with well defined nucleus with
a nuclear membrane .
• Include both autotropic green organism
(chlamydomonas )and unicellular
heterotropic non green organism(amoeba ,
euglena ) .
16. Amoeba
• Amoeba is a unicellular organism that has
the ability to change its shape. They are
usually found in water bodies such as
ponds, lakes and slow-moving rivers.
Sometimes, these unicellular organisms
can also make their way inside the human
body and cause various illnesses.
17. Basic structure of amoeba
• Movement occurs through the use of pseudopodia, where the cytoplasm pushes the plasma
membrane outward or inward, creating blunt, finger-like projections.
• There can be multiple pseudopodia at one particular instance, hence, its shape rapidly changes.
• Structure of amoeba primarily encompasses 3 parts – the cytoplasm, plasma membrane and the
nucleus.
• The cytoplasm can be differentiated into 2 layers – the outer ectoplasm and the inner endoplasm
• The plasma membrane is a very thin, double-layered membrane composed of protein and lipid
molecules.
• Amoeba also contains other cellular organelles such as a contractile vacuole, mitochondria, Golgi
apparatus and fat globules.
• Amoeba consumes food either through the process of phagocytosis or pinocytosis.
• The process of reproduction is through asexual means, such as binary fission.
• The lifespan of a typical amoeba is 2 days, but because it undergoes binary fission, the resultant
daughter cells are the same as its parent cell, so technically, amoebas can be termed as immortal.
• When living conditions are not ideal, an amoeba can essentially transform itself into a protective ball,
called a microbial cyst. When living conditions become better, it can revert back to its trophozoite
stage, where it can start feeding again.
18. Fungi
• {Multicellular , eukaryotic , and
saprophytic}
• Most fungi are made up of thread like
hyphae rather than cells , there are many
nuclei distributed in the continuous
cytoplasm .
• Ex-Bread mould , toadstool , yeast ,
penicillium .
Very common types of fungi
19. Moulds
• Almost all the fungi have a filamentous
structure except the yeast cells.
• They can be either single-celled or
multicellular organism.
• Fungi consist of long thread-like structures
known as hyphae. These hyphae together
form a mesh-like structure called
mycelium.
• Fungi possess a cell wall which is made
up of chitin and polysaccharides.
• The cell wall comprises protoplast which is
differentiated into other cell parts such as
cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell organelles
and nuclei.
• The nucleus is dense, clear, with chromatin
threads. The nucleus is surrounded by a
nuclear membrane.
20.
21. Plantae
• {Multicellular , eukaryotes , autotropic }
• These are many cells (Multicellular) , they
all have chlorophyll and they make their
own food by photosynthesis (autotrophic ).
• he plant kingdom has the following
characteristic features:
• They are non-motile.
• They make their own food hence are called
autotrophs.
• They reproduce asexually by vegetative
propagation or sexually.
• These are multicellular eukaryotes. The
plant cell contains the outer cell wall and a
large central vacuole.
• Plants contain photosynthetic pigments
called chlorophyll present in the plastids.
• They have different organelles for
anchorage, reproduction, support and
photosynthesis.
22. Animalia
• {Multicellular , eukaryotic , and
heterotrophic }
• Multicellular organism without cell wall
without chlorophyll , usually mobile ,
obtaining food by eating or sucking etc .
23. Vertebrates and invertebrates
• Vertebrates – Are those that
have a backbone .
• Invertebrates- Are those
which have no backbone .
Vertebrates Inverbebrates
They have an internal skeleton . No internal skeleton .
A backbone is present Backbone is not present
A tail is usually present Tail is absent
Heart is present on the ventral side of
the body
Heart is present on the dorsal side of
the body .
They have 2 pairs of limbs They have three or four limbs
Haemoglobin in red blood cells Haemoglobin if present dissolve
24. Classification of animal group
• [f the animal kingdom are as follows:
1. Porifera
2. Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
3. Platyhelminthes
4. Nematoda
5. Annelida
6. Arthropoda
7. Mollusca
8. Echinodermata
9. Hemichordata
10.Chordata
25. Phyllum porifera
• Porifera means organisms with holes. They
are commonly known as Sponges.
Features of the poriferan are:
• Non-motile, multicellular organisms with a
hard outer skeleton.
• Have a porous body.
• Pores on the bodies create a canal system
which helps in the circulation of
substances.
• Not differentiated into head and tail; do not
have a well-developed organ or organ
system.
• Include marine habitat.
• Examples of phylum Porifera include-
Spongilla, Sycon.
• https://youtu.be/DfROrUE-xEE
26. Phyllum cnidaria
• The term Coelenteratais derived from the
Greek word “kilos” which means hollow-
bellied. Their features are:
• Have a hollow body cavity.
• The body is differentiated into two ends.
• Includes all aquatic animals.
• The body is made of two layers of cells:
inner and outer linings.
• Live in colonies (corals) as well as solitary
(Sea anemone).
• Examples of phylum Coelenterata include
– Hydra, Jellyfish.
27. Phylum
Platyhelminthes
• Platyhelminthes are commonly known as
flatworms. Their features are:
• Dorsoventrally flattened body.
• Complex and have differentiated body
structure.
• Tissues are differentiated from three layers
of cells and are triploblastic.
• Do not have a true internal cavity or
coelom.
• Have bilateral symmetry.
• Either free-living (Planaria) or parasitic
(liver flukes).
• Examples of phylum Platyhelminthes
include -Tapeworm, Planaria.
28. Phylum Nematoda
• Phylum Nematoda consists of nematodes
or roundworms. Their features are:
• Nematodes have a cylindrical body.
• Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
• Have pseudocoelom, a false body cavity.
• Parasitic and causes diseases such as
elephantiasis, ascariasis.
• Examples of phylum Nematoda include –
Ascaris, Wuchereria.
•
29. Phylum Annelida
• Annelids are commonly known as
segmented or ringed worms. They have
the following features:
• Have a segmented cylindrical body.
• The body is differentiated into head and
tail.
• Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
• Have a true body cavity.
• Habitat: marine, freshwater and land.
• Examples of phylum Annelida include –
Earthworm, Leech.
30. Phylum
Arthropoda
• Arthropod means jointed legs. Animals
which have jointed appendages belong to
this phylum. This is the largest phylum in
the animal kingdom. Other features are:
• They are bilaterally symmetrical.
• Have jointed appendages, exoskeleton and
a segmented body.
• Have well-differentiated organ and organ
system.
• Have an open circulatory system, but do
not have differentiated blood vessels.
• Examples of phylum Arthropoda include –
Spiders, butterflies, and mosquitoes.
31. Phylum Mollusca
• Phylum Mollusca consists of a large group
of animals. Features are:
• Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
• Less segmented body.
• Well-developed organ and organ system.
• Typically, open circulatory system.
• Limbs are present.
• Examples of phylum Mollusca include-
Snails and octopus.
32. Phylum
Echinodermata
• The term Echinodermata is derived from
the Greek words, echinos meaning
hedgehog and derma meaning skin. Thus,
echinoderms are spiny-skinned animals.
• Radial symmetry and triploblastic.
• Have true coelom.
• Have hard calcium carbonate skeleton
structure.
• Free-living marine animals.
• Examples of phylum Echinodermata
include- Sea urchins, starfish.
33. Phyllum chordata
• The Chordates possess the following
characteristics:
• They are bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic with an organ-system level of
classification.
• They possess a notochord and a nerve
cord.
• The circulatory system is closed type.
