The document discusses fire protection systems. It covers types of fires and fire extinguishers, fire detection equipment, fire suppression systems like sprinklers and standpipes, and safety measures. It provides details on different classes of fires and types of extinguishers like water, powder, foam, CO2, and wet chemical. It also covers fire detection, alarm systems, pumps, and features of sprinkler, dry riser, and wet riser systems. Training and maintenance of these systems is important for fire safety.

1. Fire Protection
System
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• Introduction
• Fire science
• Types of fire
• Types of fire extinguishers
• Fire detection equipment
• Fire fighting and extinguishing system
• Training services & maintenances
• Safety measures
• Conclusion
content

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Introduction
Fire protection is a study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially destructive
fire.
Fire protection system include devices, wiring, piping equipment and controls to detect fire or
smoke, to actuate signal, and to suppress the fire or smoke.

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Objective of fire protection
1. Primary objective : to save lives and protect property.
2. Secondary objective: to minimize interruptions of services due to fire.

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Fire science
Fire is a chemical reaction initiated by presence of heat energy in which a substance combines with
oxygen in air and the process is accompanied by emission of energy in the form of heat, light and
sound.

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Classes of Fire
Classification according to type of material under fire:
Class A fires; involving solid materials - paper, wood, fabrics and so on.
Class B fires; involving flammable liquids such as petrol, oils, fats.
Class C fires; which are fuelled by flammable gases such as natural gas, butane and so on.
Class D fires; involving metals such as aluminum and magnesium.
Class E fires; in which live electrical equipment is involved (sometimes known as ‘electrical
fires’).
Class F fires; in which involves cooking oil, & fats, such as vegetable oil, sunflower oil, olive
oil, maize oil, butter.

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Types of fire extinguishers
• Water extinguishers
• Foam extinguishers
• powder extinguishers
• Carbon dioxide extinguishers
• Wet chemical extinguishers

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Water extinguishers
Water extinguishers are the most common fire extinguisher type for class A fire risk. Most premises will
require either water or foam extinguishers.
Label Colour:
– Bright Red
Use for:
– Organic materials such as:
o Paper and cardboard
o Fabrics and textiles
o Wood and coal
Do not use for:
– Fires involving electrical equipment
– Kitchen fires
– Flammable gas and liquids

10. Powder extinguishers
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Overview:
Standard dry powder extinguishers are also called ‘ABC’ extinguishers because they tackle class
A, B and C fires, however they are not recommended for use in enclosed spaces. This is because
the powder can be easily inhaled, and also the residue is very difficult to clean up after. ABC
powder extinguishers can also be used on some electrical fires. Specialist dry powder
extinguishers are used for flammable metals.
Label Colour: Blue

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Use for:
Organic materials such as:
 Paper and cardboard
 Fabrics and textiles
 Wood and coal
 Flammable liquids, like paint and petrol
 Flammable gases, like liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and acetylene
 Fires involving electrical equipment up to 1000v
Specialist dry powder extinguishers are only used on flammable metals, such as titanium and
magnesium.
Do not use for:
– Fires involving cooking oil
– Fires involving electrical equipment over 1000v
– or in enclosed spaces, such as offices or residential properties

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Foam Extinguishers
Foam extinguishers are most common type of fire extinguisher for Class B fires, but also work on Class A fires
as they are water-based.
Label Colour: Cream
Use for:
– Organic materials such as:
Paper and cardboard
Fabrics and textiles
Wood and coal
– Flammable liquids, like paint and petrol.
Do not use for:
– Kitchen fires.
– Fires involving electrical equipment.
– Flammable metals.

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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguishers
CO2 extinguishers are predominantly used for electrical fire risks and are usually the main fire
extinguisher type provided in computer server rooms. They also put out Class B fires (flammable
liquids, such as paint and petroleum).
Label Colour: Black
Use for:
– Flammable liquids, like paint and petrol
– Electrical fires
Do not use for:
– Kitchen fires – especially chip-pan fires
– Combustible materials like paper, wood or textiles
– Flammable metals

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Wet Chemical Extinguishers
Wet chemical extinguishers are designed for use on Class F fires, involving cooking oils and fats. They can
also be used on Class A fires although it is more usual to have a foam or water extinguisher for this type of
fire risk.
Label Colour: Yellow
Use for:
– Cooking oil/fat fires
– Organic materials such as:
o Paper and cardboard
o Fabrics and textiles
o Wood and coal
Do not use for:
– Flammable liquid or gas fires
– Electrical fires
– Flammable metals

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Fire protection
• A method of fire protection involves the conveyance of water pipes to
extinguish fire within a building falls into the field of plumbing. Water may be
supplied through riser pipes or standpipes. A riser or standpipes with hose
connection in a tall building may be fed from storage tank, from pump or from a
mobile pumping engine in the street connected to a breaching or ‘Siamese post’.
• Automatic sprinklers are the devices that discharge water automatically when
the temperature of the air surrounding sprinkler reaches a predetermined level.
• Fire protection in land based buildings, offshore construction or onboard ships is
typically achieved via all of the following :
• Active fire protection- manual and automatic detection and suppression of fires,
such as fire Sprinkler systems and fire alarm system.
• Passive fire protection- the installation of firewalls and fire rated floor assemblies
to form fire compartments intended to limit the spread of fire, high temperatures
and smoke.

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Fire detection equipment
Heat detector
Flame detector
Smoke detector

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Fire fighting & extinguishing techniques:
 Fire alarm system
 Fire pumps
 Automatic sprinklers
 Dry & wet risers
 Hose and hose fitting
 Means of escape
 Fire doors
 Water curtains

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Fire alarm system
 It is an integral part of any fire protection system. It is said that the first five
minutes of fire are most important than the next five hours. Fire can be
extinguished when it is an incipient stage. Moreover people can be warned
of fire hazards and evacuation of the buildings become easy. The heat &
smoke detectors detect fire and actuate the alarm system. The system helps
evacuation of the premises and to bring fire fighting facilities into action as
Quickly as possible.
 The fire alarm systems are provided in the residential buildings with heights
above 15 m and industrial and commercial buildings with height above 24 m
.If the height of building is above 35 m. it is necessary to have provision of
heat & smoke detectors.

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Fire fighting pump
 A fire pump is a kind of pump that is part of a fire protection system’s water supply.
 The fire pump delivers the water via the pipe system to the fire sprinklers to suppress the fire.
 Fire pumps are powered by an electric motor or a diesel engine or sometimes by a steam turbine
and can supply fire sprinklers standpipes, foam system, water spray/mist system or many
combination of these systems.
 The number of fire pumps installed depends on the occupancy hazard and specific fire installation
standard.
 The fire pump intake is usually connected to the external water supply, although in some cases it
may
 be connected to a local water source such as a well, tank, or body of water.
 Fire pumps are needed when the water supply cannot provide sufficient pressure to meet the
hydraulic design requirements of the fire protection system.
 Fire pumps are needed if the water supply is provided from a ground level water storage tank.

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Types of fire pumps
 Horizontal split case
 Vertical split case
 Vertical inline
 Vertical turbine
 End suction

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Automatic sprinkler system
 The installation of sprinkler system requires special planning in new building
design and usually involves an extensive renovation of an existing building.
 The sprinkler system may be installed in the following types of building as a first
aid assistance i.e. Apartment houses, club houses, colleges, dormitories,
hospitals, hotels, office building and the basement used as car parking’s.
 Automatic sprinklers are connected to a water distribution system. A sprinkler
nozzle is closed by a fusible plug that melts at a predetermined temperature,
above normal room temperature, releasing water to fall on the source of heat.
 sprinklers have the advantage of quickly supplying water to fire before it gain dangerous
headway and of preventing the access of air to the fire by smothering it with water.
 In some cases an open head sprinkler system for the protection of the interior of the
building is provided.

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Operating Temperature
o C
Identification Color
57 Orange
68 Red
79 Yellow
93 Green
141 Blue
182 Mauve
227/288 Black
Temperatures
and Identification
Colors of
Sprinklers

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Sprinkler classification
 The sprinkler may be classified as;
a)Sprinkler based on release:
 Fusable element sprinkler is opened under the influence of heat by the melting of eutectic metal
or chemical.
 Glass bulb sprinkler are opened under the influence of heat by the destruction of the glass bulb
through pressure of the fluid enclosed therein.
b)Sprinkler based on water distribution:
 Conventional sprinkler –the conventional sprinkler have a spherical water distribution directed
towards the ground and ceiling for the definite protection area.
 Umbrella sprinkler – the sidewall sprinkler have a parabolic water distribution directed towards
the ground for a definite protection area with some of water sprays the ceiling.
 Sidewall sprinkler- the sidewall sprinkler has a one sided half parabolic water distribution
directed towards the ground for a definite protection area.

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Dry Riser System
 A dry riser system or dry pipe system is made of complete water distribution system
with sprinkler head or risers and branches with hydrants throughout the building in
which there is no running water.
 In the sprinkler system the dry pipe system is used partly to protect the interior of the
buildings against hazards of burst and leaky pipe to avoid freezing of water in the pipes.
 Water is turned into water distribution system either automatically or manually on the
outbreak of fire or the sounding of alarm gong to smother or extinguish fire.
 When the fuse melts is due to the heat generated by fire, water gushes in and air
exhausted through the sprinkler head quickly.
 In the pre-action system water is admitted to the system by a valve actuated by a
thermostatic controlled device that function in advance of the sprinkler system.
 The distribution system is laid with a slope of about 1:200, so that the complete water
is drained out of the system.
 Provision of necessary pressure gauges is made on main water supply, distribution, air
tank, pumps, etc.

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FIG-DRY RISER

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Wet Riser System
The provision of wet riser system whenever made for residential building
should have the following features:
• The wet riser are designed for zonal distribution of water according to
height of building.
• The first riser up to 60 m height should be 10 cm dia.
• The second riser up to 100 m height of 15 cm dia.
• The third riser up to 150 m height of 15 cm dia.
• These risers are connected to fire pumps separately provided for this
purpose in the buildings.
• A wet riser must be provided near the enclosure staircase.
• The pipe fitting should be approved make and quality by the competent
authority.

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Fire hose and hose fitting:
 A close up of hose coupling used with pneumatic drills and jackhammers.
A hose coupling is a connector on the end of a hose to connect it with
another hose or with a tap or with a hose appliance, such as an irrigation
sprinkler. It is usually made of stainless steel, brass, steel or plastic.
 This system involves the installation of vertical riser pipe with hose
connections at strategic points throughout the building. The standpoint
or riser can be kept filled with water is known as wet riser system
otherwise it is known as dry riser system.

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• The main features of these systems includes;
• Hose and automatic sprinkler system
• The courtyard of the building should have at least two fire hydrant.
• The pumps will have a RPM not exceeding 2000.
• These hydrants are connected to an overhead/storage tank for fire fighting
purpose with a booster pump and a non return valve near the tank and a
fire pump, gate & non return valve over the underground storage tank.
• The facility to boost water pressure in the riser directly from the mobile
pump should also provided to the wet riser system.
• Standard fire hose is made up of rubber lined cotton fiber 65 mm in
diameter, capable of standing routine test pressure of 14 kg/sq.cm.
Sometimes unlined or rubber lined or rubber cotton hose may be used for
this purpose.
• The fire hose is housed in a special made glass cabinet.

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Means of escape
 A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, usually mounted to the outside of a building or
occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of the building .
 A fire escape consists of a number of horizontal platforms, one at each floor of building, with ladders
or stairs connecting them. The platform and stairs are usually steel gratings, to prevent the build up
of ice, snow, and leaves. Railings are usually provided on each of the emergency use only, these
railings often do not need to meet the same standards as railings in other contexts. The ladder from
the lowest level of the fire escape to the ground may be fixed, but more commonly it swings down on
a hinge or slides down along the track.

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Fire doors
A fire door is a door with a fire resistance rating (sometimes referred to as a
fire protection rating for closures)used as a part of a passive fire protection
system to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate
compartments of a structure and to enable safe egress from a building or
structure.

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Water curtains
 water curtains system is one of the active fire suppression system. As the
name itself defines, it forms a curtain to prevent spread of smoke/heat
/flame from fire captured area to no fire area. In the aspects of fire& life
safety, compartmentation of building plays an important role.
Compartmentation means providing barrier in a large fire rated wall or in
any assembly)or fire curtains or water curtain.
 Water curtain system consist of
 Reserved water
 Dedicated pump
 Valves
 Pipes and fitting
 Water curtain nozzle
 Fire detection device etc.

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Training services & maintenances
• Training of personnel to handle a fire situation and effectively operate
both hand fire appliances and fixed equipment, installed within the
premises, say of a factory or a high rise buildings, is normally overlooked.
This is incredible in view of the fact that the owner has spent several
hundred lakhs to install the best of equipment to protect life and
property. In the event of fire emergency, the people around must
respond very quickly and put to gainful use of equipment’s.
• In addition to this a disaster management plan should be worked out by
the owner and made known to all the persons working within the
premises.

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Safety measures
• Apart from the training needs it is necessary to follow certain
precaution and while fire is on. Where ever the height of your building,
ensure you follow some basic precaution;
• Remember to call 101(fire)
• Do not allow storage or obstruction in the common corridors and
staircases.
• Do not allow the fire door of staircases to be kept open
• Use staircase not lift, in case of fire as lifts may fail, trapping people
inside.
• Do not allow refuge area to be enclosed or misused.
• Do not reenter the fire affected building to collect valuables or for
other purposes.
• Do not allow fire fighting tanks to be misused or remain empty.
• Do not switch off the fire or smoke detection system.
• Do not switch off electricity of entire building in the event of fire. This
will also stop all the fire protection and fore fighting systems installed
within.

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Conti…..
• Do not carry any alterations & additions in the buildings, without consulting
the fire brigade.
• Acquire yourself with the layout of the escape route, staircases, refuse areas
and the location of the fire alarms.
• Train yourself and security personnel in the proper operation and use of the
first aid hose real and fire extinguisher.
• Practice evacuation drills.
• Irrespective of the magnitude of fire, called the fire brigade at the earliest.

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conclusion
• Fire fighter are worn to protect and serves the people in their community.
• Fire protection system is the core element regarding safety of building as it
give the signal by fire alarm system, it helps to extinguish the fire at the
early stage of fire.

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References
 https://www.slideshare.net/ mobile/gauravhtandon1/fire-protection-
system-uniti.3/04/2019
 https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/VishwasSahni/fire-protection-
73503148.3/04/2019
 htpps://www.slideshare.net/mobile/MuhammedAslemNazar/fire-
protection-75169800.3/04/2019

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Thank you