15 лютого молодший науковий співробітник Інституту фізіології ім. А.А. Богомольця НАН України, науковий редактор порталу «Моя наука», Олексій Болдирєв розповів про основні 5 органів чуття.
7. Електростанції на кінчиках ваших
пальців
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GPGIC_schematic.jpeg Ліцензія CC-BY-NA 3.0
8. Біль
Role of the Immune system in chronic pain Fabien Marchand, Mauro Perretti & Stephen B. McMahon Nature Reviews
Neuroscience 6, 521-532 (July 2005) doi:10.1038/nrn1700
Олег Кришталь
(нар. 1945)
Платон Костюк
(1924-2010)
13. Улюблена цитата: Дарвін і око
To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to
different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of
spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection,
seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree.
Уявити, що око, з усіма своїми
неперевершеними пристосуваннями… , могло
створитися під дією природного добору,
видається – я щиро зізнаюся – у найбільшому
ступені абсурдним.
Втім, логіка підказує мені, що якщо можна показати численні переходи від
ідеального і складного ока до примітивного, кожна стадія якого корисна для його
власника, якщо більше того, будова ока варіює навіть трохи, а варіації
успадковуються, що очевидно так, і якщо кожна модифікація органу є корисною для
тварини в змінних умовах середовища, тоді складність в поясненні того, що таке
складне око могло утворитися шляхом природного добору, хоча й здається
непереборною в нашій уяві, навряд чи може всерйоз братися до уваги.
Darwin, C. 1872. The Origin of Species, 6th ed. London: Senate, chpt. 6 Difficulties of the
Theory, pp. 146-147
15. Око павука стрибуна
З дозволу http://www.findaspider.org.au/info/spiderns.htm
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jumping_Spider_Eyes.jpg Ліцензія:CC-BY-NA 3.0
17. У восьминогів – все як не в
людей…
Emergence and Evolution of Meaning: The General Definition of Information (GDI)
Revisiting Program—Part 2: The Regressive Perspective: Bottom-up
José M. Díaz Nafría and Rainer E. Zimmermann Ліцензія: CC-BY-NA 3.0
29. Старий нюх, нові запахи
Автор:Chabacano , похідна від Image:Brain human sagittal section.svg Image:Brain human sagittal section.svg by Patrick J. Lynch. Ліцензія:
30. Скільки запахів ми відчуваємо?
Front. Cell. Neurosci., 09 September 2009 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.03.010.2009 Ліцензія: CC-BY-NA 3.0
34. Чому муха злітає швидше за
фатальний капець?
Віктор Малярчук (нар. 1973, Тернопіль) – колишній
співробітник Інституту напівпропідників НАН
України, Університет Іллінойсу
З
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg
CC_BY-NA 3.0
36. Коли людина не відчуває?
• Патології органів чуття (нечутливість
рецепторів, сліпота, глухота)
• Травми спинного мозку
• Порушення сенсорних
зон кори
• Генетичні захворювання
• Коли несвідома (спить,
втратила свідомість тощо)
Müller cell shape, refractive properties, and light-guiding capability. (a) Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy image of a dissociated guinea pig Müller cell with several adherent photoreceptor cells, including their outer segments (ROS) and a dissociated retinal neuron (bipolar cell) to the left. The refractive indices of the different cell sections are given. (b) Schematic illustration of a Müller cell in situ. The lighter the coloring of the Müller cell, the lower the refractive index. Typical diameters and the calculated V parameters for 700 nm (red) and 500 nm (blue) are indicated at the endfoot, the inner process, and the outer process. Although diameters and refractive indices change along the cell, its light-guiding capability remains fairly constant. (Scale bar, 25 μm.)
Demonstration of light guidance by individual Müller cells measured in a modified dual-beam laser trap. (a) A cell is floating freely between the ends of two optical fibers, which are aligned against a backstop visible at top. (b) The Müller cell is trapped, aligned, and stretched out by two counterpropagating near-infrared laser beams diverging from the optical fibers (42). (c) The fibers are brought in contact with the cell. Visible light (λ = 514 nm) emerges from the left (input) fiber and is collected and guided by the cell to the right (output) fiber. The fraction of visible light reentering the core of the output fiber is measured by a power meter, and the near-infrared light is blocked by an appropriate short-pass filter. (Scale bar, 50 μm.) (d) Typical time course of the power of visible light measured. When the cell is removed from the trap, it no longer prevents the light from diverging, and the measured power drops considerably. The ratio η = Pwith_cell/Pwithout_cell defines the relative guiding efficiency.
Taste qualities, the taste receptors that detect them, and examples of natural stimuli. Five recognized taste qualities—sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami—are detected by taste buds. Bitter taste is thought to protect against ingesting poisons, many of which taste bitter. Sweet taste signals sugars and carbohydrates. Umami taste is elicited by l-amino acids and nucleotides. Salty taste is generated mainly by Na+ and sour taste potently by organic acids. Evidence is mounting that fat may also be detected by taste buds via dedicated receptors. The names of taste receptors and cartoons depicting their transmembrane topology are shown outside the perimeter. Bitter is transduced by G protein–coupled receptors similar to Class I GPCRs (with short extracellular N termini). In contrast, sweet and umami are detected by dimers of Class III GPCRs (with long N termini that form a globular extracellular ligand-binding domain). One of the receptors for Na+ salts is a cation channel composed of three subunits, each with two transmembrane domains. Membrane receptors for sour and fat are as yet uncertain.
Mechanisms by which five taste qualities are transduced in taste cells. (A) In receptor (Type II) cells, sweet, bitter, and umami ligands bind taste GPCRs, and activate a phosphoinositide pathway that elevates cytoplasmic Ca2+ and depolarizes the membrane via a cation channel, TrpM5. The combined action of elevated Ca2+ and membrane depolarization opens the large pores of gap junction hemichannels, likely composed of Panx1, resulting in ATP release. Shown here is a dimer of T1R taste GPCRs (sweet, umami). T2R taste GPCRs (bitter) do not have extensive extracellular domains and it is not known whether T2Rs form multimers. (B) In presynaptic (Type III) cells, organic acids (HAc) permeate through the plasma membrane and acidify the cytoplasm where they dissociate to acidify the cytosol. Intracellular H+ is believed to block a proton-sensitive K channel (as yet unidentified) and depolarize the membrane. Voltage-gated Ca channels would then elevate cytoplasmic Ca2+ to trigger exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (not depicted). (C) The salty taste of Na+ is detected by direct permeation of Na+ ions through membrane ion channels, including ENaC, to depolarize the membrane. The cell type underlying salty taste has not been definitively identified.
Chromosome locations of human OR genes. Six hundred thirty OR genes were localized to 51 different chromosomal loci distributed over 21 human chromosomes. OR loci containing one or more intact OR genes are indicated in red; loci containing only pseudogenes are indicated in green. The cytogenetic position of each locus is shown on the left, and its distance in megabases from the tip of the small arm of the chromosome is shown on the right (chromosome-Mb). The number of OR genes at each locus is indicated in parentheses, and the number of OR genes on each chromosome is indicated below. Most human homologs of rodent ORs for n-aliphatic odorants are found at a single locus, chromosome 11p15.