This document is a sociolinguistics paper presented by Rizqi Akbarani to their lecturer, Mrs. Wiwin. The paper defines key sociolinguistic concepts such as language, speech events, speech acts, code switching, and code mixing. It discusses how language functions in society and is influenced by social and contextual factors. The paper aims to explain these sociolinguistic concepts and their relationships to increase understanding of linguistics and appropriate language use.
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SOCIOLINGUISTICS SHORT PAPER
Presented to
Sociolinguistic Study
The Lecturer is “Mrs. Wiwin”
By
RIZQI AKBARANI
NIM: 210910042
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT
STATE ISLAMIC COLLEGE OF PONOROGO
2013
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INTRODUCTION
A. Theoretical Background
Language is the tools of communication. Languge is used to interact with
other people. Language is need of people because with language, the people can learn
everything and know the world.
As the tool of communication, language has role in human living or society.
The role of language in society is as identity about individual, society, or country.
Beside that language also attract to be learned, because the language of people is
complex and complicated, where it has many factor affect it in using and expressing.
Because this reasons, so I want to explain about language include definition,
role, function in language learning or we can called sociolinguistics.
B. Statements of Problem
1. What the definition of sociolinguistic?
2. What is language?
3. How the explanation of language and society?
4. What the definition of speech event and speech act?
5. What is code mixing and code switching?
C. Objectives of the Study
1. To know about definition of sociolinguistic.
2. To know about language
3. To know about language and society.
4. To know about definition of speech event.
5. To know about code mixing and code switching.
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EXPLANATION
A. Sociolinguistic
1. Definition of Sociolinguistic
Sociolinguistic from two words, “Sosio” and “Linguistic”. Socio means
society and Linguistic means language learning. So sociolinguistics is the learning
of language in society. Sociolinguistic studies about language and how language is
used in society.
Fishman (1972) said, “Sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of
language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of
their speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change one another
within a speech community”1.
2. The Objectives of Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistic is to study linguistics internal aspect and external aspect.
The internal aspects include phonetics, phonology, morphology, etc. The external
aspects include sociology. Sociolinguistic also study about language, society, and
the relationship between language and society. So, the objectives of
sociolinguistic are to understanding about variety of language in every society in
the world. Besides that, it can increase the knowledge about linguistics and
increase aware to using language better.
B. Language
1. Language
Language is system of symbol like sound. It system has characteristics; they
are arbiter, productive, dynamism and multystyle. Arbiter is the relationship
between the symbol of language which can change and can’t be explained why
that symbol can make meaning.
Language is system, it means language is from many components and
language has methods and rules. As the system, language also have the quality,
they are systematic and systemic. Systemic means language composed from
1Zakii,Pengertian Sosiolinguistik, http://sastrainggris.2forum.biz,accessed 10 June 2013
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certain pattern, we can’t use language without certain of system because it can
make language difficult to be understood.
Systemic means language isn’t the simple system but consist of many subsystem
like Phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexical. That system is sound; it means
this system from of sounds because the sound of language has meaning and
concept.
2. The Function of Language
There are the functions of language:
1. To share ideas
2. To increase relationship
3. To help other people
4. To inform something
C. Language and Society
Ferdinand de Saussure differentiates the definition between langage, langue
and parole. Langage in French is used to call the language as system to communicate
verbally. Langue as system of sound specially is used to communicate a group of
society. Parole is subject of langage and langue. Parole has concrete characteristic
and langage and langue has abstract characteristic2.
In this case also affect appear variety of language or we can called dialect.
Dialect is variety of language in society. Dialect has function to show identity the
people in society, for example Arabic language not only used to communicate in
Arab Saudi but also in Iraq, Morocco, Egypt or the welsh of north and south Wales.
That countries using Arabic language with different dialect.
There are the criteria of dialect:
1. Standardization
The process by which a language has been codified in some way. For example
Standard language in dictionary.
2. Vitality
The existence of living community speakers. This criterion can be used to
2 Fahrin Ilham,Makalah Sosiolinguistik Bahasa, http://fahrinclimber.blogspot.com,accessed 11 June
2013.
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distinguish languages that are “alive” from those that are “dead”
3. Historicity
The fact that a particular group of people finds a sense of identity through
using a particular language; it belongs to them.
4. Autonomy
An interest concept because it’s really one of feeling. A language must be felt
by its speaker to be different from other language.
5. Reduction
The fact that a particular variety maybe regarded as a sub variety rather than as
an independent entity. It means like when using language without verb but it can be
understood other people. “Saya mau ke pasar” this sentence without verb “pergi” but
it has meaning that the speaker wants to go to market.
6. Mixture
Feeling speakers have about the purity of the variety they speak.
7. De facto norms
The feeling that many speakers have that there are both “good” speakers and
“bad” speakers and that the “good” speakers represent the norm of proper usage.
D. Speech Event and Speech Act
A. Speech Event
Speech event is the set of utterance produce in such as situation3. It means that speech
event is an activity in which participants interact via language in some conventional way
to arrive at some outcome. So, the interaction between seller and buyer in the market in
an event or time and using language to communicate can be called speech event. Dell
Hymes (1972), he is a sociolinguist said that speech event must has eight components
(SPEAKING), they are:
3 Haupteseminar, Introduction to Pragmatics, http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/-jilka/index.html.accessed 30 June
2013
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S = Setting and Scene
P = participants
E = Ends (purpose and goal)
A = Act sequence)
K = Key (tone or spirit of act)
I = instrumentalities
N = Norms of interaction and interpretation
G = Genre.
Setting and scene, setting includes place and time, where the speech event
happened. Scene includes situation in that place and time and speaker’s psychologist
situation.
Participants is includes speaker and listener or sender and receiver. where
they can change the position or the ideas.
Ends, includes the goal why the speech event happened. For example the goal
speech event in jurisdiction is to solve the case.
Act sequence, includes what language and to whom and the relationship
between what speak and topic.
Key includes tone, spirit and manner when the message is sent. What the
speaker or listener happy, serious, or angry. .
Instrumentalities, includes tools or kind of language (oral/written). Speaker
use telephone or telegraph or what the dialect, fragam and register.
Norm of Interaction and Interpretation, includes the participant’s behavior
when they interact with other. For example, how to ask, give interruption, and soon.
Genre includes the type of genre when the message is sent, for example
narration, pray, poem or poetry.
B. Speech Act
Speech act is an action performed by producing an utterance. For example apology,
complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, etc. Speech act consist of three related acts, they
are:
1. Locutionary act, it is basic of utterance, producing a meaningful linguistic expression or
we can called the act of saying something. It means every sentence is meaningful. For
example : Tahun 2004 bencana tsunami melanda Banda Aceh
2. Illocutionary act, it is a function or communicative force of the utterance can be a
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statement, offer, explanation, etc.
3. Perlocutionary, it is intended effect of the action.
Speech acts are often interpreted narrowly as just the illocutionary act of an utterance. The
same locutionary act can count as different illocutionary act. For example “I’ll see you later”,
this sentence can be prediction promise or warning.
E. Code Mixing and Code Switching
A. Code Switching
Code switching is changing event from one code to another. For example, at first
someone uses Indonesian language, and then he switches into Javanese. This event manifest
in switch regional, social, style and register variant. In code switching the use of two or more
languages is marked by:
a. Each language still supports its own support its own functions based on the contexts.
b. Each language function is based on relevant situation with contexts change.4
There are two kinds of code switching:
1. Internal Code Switching
Internal code switching is if the code switching occurs among regional languages in
one national language, or among dialects in one regional language, or among some styles in
one dialect.
2. External Code Switching
External code switching is if code switching occurs among native language and
foreign language.
Influencing factors of code switching
1. Speaker (O1)
2. Hearer (O2)
3. The presence of the third person (O3)
4. Topic
5. To arouse humorous feeling
6. For prestige
B. Code Mixing
Code mixing is the use of two or more language by putting in/inserting linguistic
elements in one language into other language consistently. In code mixing, dependency
features are marked by the relationship between the language role and function. If the speaker
4 Chalish Azedaes,Code Switchingand Code Mixing-SociolinguisticsStudy,
http;//Englishliteraturecenter.blogspot.com, accessed 01 July 2013
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mixes his code/language, then it must be asked who the speaker is: his social background,
level of education, religion, etc. A speaker who masters many languages will have chance to
mix code more than the other speaker who only masters one or two languages.
The factors influencing code mixing5:
There are two types of factors influencing code mixing,
1. Attitudinal type : seen from attitude background
2. Linguistic type : seen from linguistic background
5 Ibid
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CONCLUSION
1. Definition of sociolinguistic is the study of language in society.
2. Language is system; it means language is from many components and language
has methods and rules.
3. Speech event is an activity in which participants interact via language in some
conventional way to arrive at some outcome.
4. Speech act is an action performed by producing an utterance. For example apology,
complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, etc.
5. Code switching is changing event from one code to another.
6. Code mixing is the use of two or more language by putting in/inserting linguistic
elements in one language into other language consistently.
