The document discusses the Plant Genome Project focused on Arabidopsis thaliana. It describes how Arabidopsis thaliana was the first plant to have its genome completely sequenced. The sequencing project, led by multiple agencies, aimed to identify all genes in Arabidopsis thaliana by 2000. The project was completed in 2000 and identified around 26,000 protein-coding genes in the plant's genome. Subsequent projects like the 1001 Genomes Project aimed to sequence additional strains of Arabidopsis thaliana from different geographical regions to identify genetic variations.

1. TOPIC :
PLANT GENOME PROJECT
(ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA)
BY:
HAIDER ALI
EMAIL: SHER43659@GMAIL.COM

2. PLANT GENOME PROJECT
 A plant genome project aims to discover all genes and their function in
a particular plant species.
 Initially Plant genome projects focused on a few model organisms
 Characterized by
 Small genomes or their amenability to genetic studies.
 In 1990, NSF led a multi-agency, multinational project to identify all the genes
in Arabidopsis thaliana by the end of 2000.

3.  Arabidopsis thaliana was the first plant to be completely sequenced.
 The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system for
identifying genes and determining their functions.
 Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies have dramatically reduced
the cost and time needed to sequence an organism's entire genome.
 Large-scale sequencing projects have been undertaken to take advantage of the
speed and efficiency of next generation DNA sequencing.

4.  In 2008, the 1001 Genomes Project was launched.
 The project aimed to obtain the complete genome of 1001 strains of Arabidopsis
from different geographical regions.
 Eleven institutes participated in this project worldwide.

5. INTRODUCTION TO ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA
• Arabidopsis thaliana also called the Thale cress, mouse-ear
cress or Arabidopsis.
• Arabidopsis thaliana is an annual (rarely biennial) plant.
• Small flowering plant native to Eurasia (Europe & Asia)
• A. thaliana is considered a weed.
• It is found by roadsides and in disturbed land.
• It belongs to mustard family but have white flower.

6. TAXONOMY
• First described in 1577 by Johannes Thal , a physician from Germany, who called
it Pilosella siliquosa
• 1753, Carl Linnaeus renamed the plant Arabis thaliana in honor of Thal.
• 1842, the German botanist Gustav Heynhold erected the new
genus Arabidopsis and placed the plant in that genus
• The genus name, Arabidopsis, comes from Greek, meaning "resembling Arabis"
(the genus in which Linnaeus had initially placed it).

7. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Arabidopsis
Species: A. thaliana

8. ARABIDOPSIS – A MODEL PLANT
• Arabidopsis thaliana has basic similarities to most plants.
• Short-generation time; 8 weeks from seed to seed.
• Small plant (20 cm tall), easily grown at high density in glasshouse or culture
room.
• Self fertilizes. A single plant produces hundreds or thousands of seeds.
• Small genome size (125 Mb, 5 chromosomes).
• Simple organization of genome.

9. ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA GENOME PROJECT
• In 1990, NSF led a multi-agency, multinational project to identify all the genes
in Arabidopsis thaliana.
• This included; saturating the genome with mutations, identifying every essential gene,
and sequencing the entire genome by the end of the decade.
• The Arabidopsis stock centers were established in 1991 to preserve and distribute
biological materials
• There are two such centers—the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (ABRC) at
Ohio State University in Columbus, and the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre
(NASC) at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.

10. ARABIDOPSIS GENOME INITIATIVE (1996)
• In 1996 the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (AGI) was establish to facilitate coordinated
sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome.
• Three groups contributed to the work.
i. Genome Sequencing Groups (sequenced and annotated assigned chromosomal regions).
ii. Genome Analysis Group (carried out the analyses of the sequenced regions).
iii. Contributing Authors
 Comparative analysis of the genomes of A. thaliana accessions.
 Comparative analysis of the genomes of A. thaliana and other genera.

11. • In 1998, physical maps of all chromosomes were completed.
• In 1999, sequence and analysis of chromosomes 2 & 4 completed.
• In 2000, sequence and analysis of chromosome 1, 3, & 5 completed and hence
whole genome sequencing was completed.
• The Arabidopsis Genome Sequencing Project was officially completed in late
2000.

12. A. THALIANA GENOME
• Chromosomes : 5
• Genome size : 146 Mb (Estimated)
• Sequenced and annotated genome space : 119 Mb
• Predicted protein coding genes : 26,207
• Protein coding genes with identified transcripts : 19,117
• Transposons and pseudogenes : 3,786
• Distinct proteins : 27,855

14. 1001 GENOME PROJECT
• In 2008, 1001 genome project was launched In order to discover the whole-genome
sequence variations.
• By investigating the genetic material of about one hundred strains of this plant from
different geographical regions, researchers found a huge number of variations.
• In addition to millions of small differences that lead to a diversity of molecular gene
products, they found hundreds of genes that are missing in some strains or have extra
copies in others.
• It is probably this great flexibility within the genetic material that makes this plant
particularly adaptable.

15. TAIR – THE ARABIDOPSIS INFORMATION
RESOURCE
• The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) maintains a database of genetic
and molecular biology data for the model higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
• TAIR is located at Phoenix Bioinformatics
• Data available from TAIR includes:
 The complete genome sequence,
 Gene structure, gene expression & gene product information,
 DNA and seed stocks, genome maps, genetic and physical markers,
 Publications, and information about the Arabidopsis research community.

16. • The Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center at The Ohio State University collects,
reproduces, preserves and distributes seed and DNA resources of Arabidopsis
thaliana and related species.
• Resources are donated by researchers from around the world.
• More than 100,000 samples are shipped annually to researchers and educators
from 60 countries.
• Stock information and ordering for the ABRC are fully integrated into TAIR.