Socialization its types agents stages and a article on Child Socialization Research

2. DEFINITION
Socialization is the process through which
individuals learn the norms and values of society ,
leading to social cohesion and a functional society.
Development of habits, skills, values and
motives shared by productive members of society.
The process of internalizing the norms and
ideologies of society.
People are taught to be proficient members of a
society. It describes the ways that people come to
understand social norms and expectations, to
accept society’s belief, and to be aware of societal
values.

3. WHEN DOES SOCIALIZATION
OCCUR?
Socialization occur throughout the lifetime as
individuals learn new norms and new groups and
situations. Through socialization a person learns the
physical, mental and social skills needed to survive in
the society.

4. SOCIALIZATION
CAN BE DIVIDED
INTO THREE
MAJOR PHASES

5. ADULT
SOCIALIZATION
SECONDARY
SOCIALIZATION
PRIMARY
SOCIALIZATION

6. PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION
• Primary socialization is the acceptance and learning of a set of norms and
values established through the process of socialization.
• Primary socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and
actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture.
• For example if a child saw her mother expressing a discriminatory opinion
about a minority group, then that child may think this behavior is acceptable
and could continue to have this opinion about minority groups.
• It means individual have learned a language and can think logically.
• Accepted the basic norms and values of the culture.
• Developed the ability to pattern the behavior in terms of these norms and
values.
• Assumed a culturally appropriate social identity.

7. • Secondary Socialization is the wider process of learning a child
learns what is expected of them, and what is acceptable or
appropriate behavior, for them within a small group that is part of
a larger society and culture.
• Secondary socialization represents a new developmental stage
and is generally associated with teenagers and adults. The social
changes we experience are different to those of primary
socialization.
• An example would be, starting a new a level of education at
college or university, relocating to a new environment or a change
in social status or society. Some students may be transferring
from a rural community to a more urban environment, whilst
others may be international students being socialized to the
British way of life. Others may be mature students without any
prior higher educational experience.
SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION

8. • Adult socialization is the process in adulthood of learning the practices and
expectations associated with a social role or social circumstances; it
contrasts with childhood socialization.
• In adolescence, socialization is concerned with the development of
overarching values and the self-image. In adulthood, socialization involves
more overt and specific norms and behaviors, such as those related to the
work role as well as more superficial personality features.
 The socialization of adults is relatively easier than the socialization of
children for three reasons:
(i) The adult am normally motivated to work towards a goal which he has
already picked up.
 (ii) The new role that he is trying to internalize has many similarities to the
roles which he has already internalized
 (iii) finally; the socializing agent can communicate with him easily through
speech.
ADULT SOCIALIZATION

9. Socio-
cultural
Perspective
Evolutionary
Perspective
Social
Learning
Perspective
Social-
Cognitive
Perspective

10. Socio-cultural Perspective
 Stresses the importance of social norms and culture.
 Proposes that children learn behavior through problem-solving
interactions with other children and adults. Through these
interactions, they learn the values and norms of their society.
 Social psychologists using this perspective might look at how
cultural norms and social influence impact social behavior.
When considering something like aggression, for example, a
person taking this perspective would look at how people are
socialized to behave aggressively in certain situations

11. Evolutionary Perspective
 Argues that social behaviors developed through genetics and
inheritance.
 Emphasizes the role of biology and gene transmission across
generations to explain current behavior.
 When looking at a social problem such as aggression, a
psychologist taking this perspective would consider how
genetics and evolutionary influences contributed to the
development of the behavior

12. Social Learning Perspective
 Stresses the importance of unique experiences in family,
school, community, etc.
 According to this viewpoint, we learn behaviors by observing
and mimicking the behavior of others.
 In our earlier example of aggression, someone taking the
social learning perspective would be interested in how people
learn aggressive behaviors from parents, peers, and even
media influences

13. Social-Cognitive Perspective
 Supports an information processing model of social behavior,
where we notice, interpret, and judge the behavior of others.
 New experiences can either be assimilated (using already
held beliefs to interpret the event) or accommodated (which
involves changing existing beliefs in response to the event.)
 By understanding how information is processed, we can better
understand how patterns of thoughts impact behavior.

15. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
 The specific individuals , groups, and institutions that enable
socialization to take place.
 In the Unites States the primary agents of socialization
include FAMILY, THE PEEER GROUP, THE SCHOOL and
THE MASS MEDIA
 Agents of socialization are the sources from which we learn
about society and ourselves. People and groups that
influence our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behavior
are called agents of socialization. They are our socializes

16.  Family is a fundamental social institution in society, the family, is
considered the primary and most important agent of socialization.
 Family typically consists of a man and woman and their children or two
or more people who usually reside in the same home and share same
goals and values.
 Traditionally, in all societies, the family has always been seen as a
social institution, that has the biggest impact on society.
 There is an automatic provision of learning situations to the young
ones. Family determines the child race, language, religion, class and
political affiliation.
FAMILY

17.  Schools introduce children to new knowledge, order, bureaucracy
and students from family backgrounds different from their own.
 School experience often pressures children to conform to gender
roles.
 School socializes children by providing intellectual and social
experiences that characterizes individual and shapes their abilities
for adulthood.
 Teach children indirectly to be less emotionally dependent and adjust
student to their social order.
 Build character through formal curriculum and hidden curriculum.
Informal teaching that helps ensure students integration into society.
 Reinforce gender roles.
SCHOOL

18. THE PEER GROUP
 Social group where the member of same age and have common interests and
social position.
 Peers are not part of child’s immediate family and as a result they often
introduce new experiences to a child.
 Within a peer group , children escape the direct supervision of adults.
 They are able to talk more freely about topics they may not be comfortable
discussing with adults.
 Peer pressure both negative and positive is a reality of the peer group dynamic.
 In adolescence there is tremendous pressure to conform to the group to
experience a feeling of belonging.

19.  The mass media are another agent of socialization.
 Television shows, movies, popular music, magazines, Web sites, and
other aspects of the mass media influence our political views, our tastes in
popular culture; our views of women, people of color, and gays; and many
other beliefs and practices.
 In the short term, media use affects behavior through priming cognitions
and eliciting affect, increasing arousal and prompting imitation.
 In the long term, media influence beliefs, perceptions, behavioral scripts,
and affective traits, bringing about lasting changes in personality.
 Significant effects of media use have been demonstrated in a wide range
of domains of socialization, including violence, helping, and education.
MASS MEDIA

20.  The stages that an individual Goes through from the
raw Material of personality at birth to the full
emergence of the Self
 Social scientists have come with numerous theories
to try to break down into stages this process of
absorbing our experience To become complete
selves

22. • It is a stage which begins from birth till child is of 1 year.
• It needs to be fed as it is helpless and independent on others
for it’s very survival
• It Also needs to be protected from the cold, damp and other
discomforts.
• During this stage, the child cries for everything as this is the
only way it can communicate its needs.
• The aim of oral stage is to establish oral dependency
Oral stage

23.  During this stage the child learns that one cannot totally
depend on the mother for everything.
 The child realizes that there are some things that it must do by
itself.
 The child undergoes toilet training acquires other skills.
 The child internalizes two separate roles one’s own and that
of the mother.
 It is taught to distinguish between wrong and right actions
through a system of reward and punishments.
Anal stage

24.  It is at this stage that the child becomes a member of the
family as a whole.
 The child learns to identify itself with the social role ascribed
on it on basis of its sex.
 According to Freud, the boy develops the “Oedipus complex”
and girl develops “Electra Complex”.
 In this stage there is a a lot of pressure on the child to identify
with the right sex.
 Boys generally identify with the father and girls their mother.
Oedipal stage

25. • By the beginning of this stage, the child has learnt to be
independent in the daily routine at home.
• He or She learns social norms.
• This stage has been called "Gang stage" by some
sociologists.
• There is greater participation in group activities and group
loyalties are considered important.
• There is greater revolt against adult authority and domination.
Latency stage

26. • This stage starts with the onset of puberty & continues
through the teenage years.
• This is a stage of transition from childhood to maturity during
which new patterns of behavior are learnt to meet the
increased demands of the peer group & of adult society.
• The adolescent undergoes a number of physiological
changes.
• Boys & girls try to break free parental control.
Adolescence stage

27.  Old age:
The later years of adulthood and the Final of itself begin
surround the mid sixties.
 Death and dying:
throughout most of human history, low living standards and
limited medical technology meant that death from Accident
disease could come at any stage of life.
Old age and death and dying

28.  Gender socialization is the process by which individuals are
taught how to socially behave in accordance with their
assigned gender, which is assigned at birth based on their
biological sex.
 From birth until death, gender shapes human feeling And
actions.
 The process of educating and instructing males and females
as to the norms, behaviors, values, and beliefs of group
membership as men or women.

29.  The relationship between families and
gender continues to be the subject of
dispute in the social sciences.
 After birth family become infants Into
the world of girls and boys.
Family and gender

30.  Peer groups can consist of all males, all females, or both males and females.
Peer groups can have great influence on each other’s gender role behavior
depending on the amount of pressure applied.
 There are certain behaviors, activities, toys and interests that are played with
more often by boys and girls.
 Gender differences in children’s behaviors and interactional patterns also begin
to become apparent by this age.
 For instance, boys are more active, physical and play in larger spaces than
girls. In contrast, girls are more compliant, prosaically and play closer to adults
than boys.
 One important way in which children learn about gender roles and develop
gender-typed behavior and attitudes is through their interaction with peers
Gender and peer group

32.  Media and gender refers to the
relationship between media and gender,
and how gender is represented within
media platforms. These platforms include
but are not limited to film, radio, television,
advertisement, social media, and video
games.
Gender and mass media

33.  The study of gender and education encompasses
gender differences in educational outcomes such as
achievement, attainment, and experiences within the
education system.
 Schools can magnify or diminish gender differences by
providing environments that promote within-gender
similarity and between-gender differences, or the
inverse (within-gender variability and between group
similarity). Schools’ affect gender differentiation
Gender and Schooling

35. Use of Theory in Child Socialization
Research
(Burhanettin KESKİN)

36. Abstract:
 In this article Field research is done that examined the use of explicit
theory in empirical studies on child socialization.
 27 empirical studies published in the 10 years on child socialization were
examined regarding authors’ use of theory. Finding of this study indicated
that 63 percent of the empirical studies employed theory explicitly
 Common theories used explicitly in the studies were ecological theory and
socio-cultural theory.

37. Introduction
Social and developmental psychologists have long been giving an immense
amount of attention to socialization of children. The family has been perceived
as a key means for socialization. Socialization is a “process by which the
individual learns to become social, a member of society”. The main goals of
socialization process are:
(a) having control over impulse and an understanding of right and wrong
(b) preparation and implementation of social roles including job related roles,
gender roles, and parental roles
(c) endorsement and preservation of what is considered to be imperative,
appreciated, respected, and lived for

38. Current Studies
The purpose of this study was to examine which theories are utilized explicitly
in the studies on child socialization. Robila and Taylor’s (2001) study design
and some of the research questions were followed in this study. Research
questions that guided this study were as follows:
1. What are explicit theories used within the empirical research on child
socialization in academic journals
2. If theory is used, is it mentioned in the abstract of the study
3. How are explicit theories being used in empirical studies on child
socialization

39. Methodology
The research questions were investigated by conducted an analysis of articles.
An Computerized Database research was conducted by using several databases
that are JSTOR, PsychInfo and Sociological Abstracts. In this quantitative study,
the analysis consisted of reviewing of empirical articles in terms of their use of
theory. Articles were chosen in terms of following criteria:
1. Only empirical studies were chosen. Meta-analyses and literature reviews
were excluded.
2. 2. Studies that contained ‘socialization’ and ‘child’ or ‘children’ in their titles
were chosen. The reason for that is to eliminate studies that were not directly
about socialization of children.
3. 3. Studies that published between 1994 and 2004. Ten years is considered to
be an adequate period of time to study use of theory explicitly

40. ecological theory
socio-cultural theory
Social disorganization
theory
social learning
theory

41. This theory, proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner
(1986, 1989), based on the belief that in order to
understand development it must be studied in terms
of everyday environment in which children are
raised

42. Socio-cultural theory which is based on the belief that
learning is an open ended process which occurs from
involvement in collective activities, cultural tools, interaction,
interpersonal relationships, and social practices not from
progressive developmental alterations taking place within the
person

43. Social disorganization refers to a situation in
which a society that is incapable of appreciating the
general value system of its members (such as ethics
and morals) and incompetent at sustaining efficient
social control over its members

44. Social learning theory is a theory of
learning process and social behavior
which proposes that new behaviors can be
acquired by observing and imitating
others. In addition to the observation of
behavior, learning also occurs through the
observation of rewards and punishments,
a process known as vicarious
reinforcement.

45. Result
Twenty-seven empirical articles were reviewed. Sixty-three percent of the
studies (17 out of 27) utilized theory explicitly while 37% of the studies did not
use theory explicitly. Only two studies mentioned theory in their abstracts.

46. Demerits
 First of all, only two studies mentioned theories they utilized in the abstract.
However, it is important to use theory in the article’s abstract in terms of helping
researches when searching for articles in databases. For example, it would make
easier for a researcher who wishes to find articles that examine socialization of
children in terms of ecological theory, if the theory is mentioned in the abstract.
 Second, authors sometimes do not provide proper bibliographic references for the
theories they refer to.
 Third, authors frequently mentioned or used many different theories in a single
study. This makes it difficult for a reader to interpret the results as each theory has
a unique way of approaching and explaining the issue. For example, in a single
study following theories/perspectives were mentioned; ecological theory, socio-
cultural theory, and social cognitive theory.
 Fourth, authors frequently do not provide enough information about the theory they
used. A reader may gain an inadequate understanding of the theory if it is
explained using only one or two sentences and is not mentioned again

47.  WIKIPEDIA
 SOCIOLOGY TEXT BOOK
 CLAUSEN, JOHN.A (ED) (1968) SOCIALIZATION
AND SOCIETY
 MLA STYLE SOCIALIZATION ENCYCLOPEDIA
BRITANNCIA
 WWW. NYU. EDU