3. Total and marginal utility
meaning of total utility
marginal utility: ∆TU/∆Q
diminishing marginal utility
total and marginal utility curves
MARGINAL UTILITY THEORY
5. -2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Packets
of crisps
TU
in utils
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
7
11
13
14
14
13
Utility(utils)
Packets of crisps consumed (per day)
TU
Darren’s utility from consuming crisps (daily)
6. -2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Packets
of crisps
TU
in utils
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
7
11
13
14
14
13
MU
in utils
-
7
4
2
1
0
-1
Utility(utils)
Packets of crisps consumed (per day)
TU
Darren’s utility from consuming crisps (daily)
7. -2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Packets
of crisps
TU
in utils
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
7
11
13
14
14
13
MU
in utils
-
7
4
2
1
0
-1
Utility(utils)
Packets of crisps consumed (per day)
TU
MU
Darren’s utility from consuming crisps (daily)
8. -2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
MU
∆TU = 2
∆Q = 1
MU = ∆TU / ∆Q
Utility(utils)
Packets of crisps consumed (per day)
TU
Darren’s utility from consuming crisps (daily)
9. -2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
MU
MU = ∆TU / ∆Q = 2/1 = 2
Utility(utils)
Packets of crisps consumed (per day)
TU
∆TU = 2
∆Q = 1
Darren’s utility from consuming crisps (daily)
10. The optimum level of consumption: the
one-commodity version
consumer surplus (total and marginal)
marginal consumer surplus: MU – P
total consumer surplus: TU – TE
MARGINAL UTILITY THEORY
14. The optimum level of consumption: the
one-commodity version
consumer surplus (total and marginal)
marginal consumer surplus: MU – P
total consumer surplus: TU – TE
maximising consumer surplus: P = MU
Marginal utility and the demand curve
MARGINAL UTILITY THEORY
15. MU = D
MU, P
QO Q1
P1
a
Consumption at Q1
where P1 = MU
Deriving an individual person’s demand curve
18. Limitations of the one-commodity
version
marginal utility affected by consumption of
other goods
marginal utility of money not constant
Optimum combination of goods
the equi-marginal principle
MUA/MUB = PA/PB
deriving a demand curve
MARGINAL UTILITY THEORY
20. Demand under conditions of risk and
uncertainty
defining risk and uncertainty
types of odds
risk attitudes
Diminishing marginal utility of income
and attitudes towards risk taking
RISK, UNCERTAINTY AND INSURANCE
21. TU
5000 10 000 15 0000
Income (£)
Totalutility
U1
Total utility of income
a
22. TU
5000 10 000 15 0000
U2
U1
a
b
Income (£)
Totalutility Total utility of income
23. TU
5000 10 000 15 0000
U3
U2
U1
a
b
c
Income (£)
Totalutility Total utility of income
24. TU
5000 10 000 15 0000 8000
U3
U2
U1
U4
a
b
c
Income (£)
Totalutility
d
Total utility of income
25. Insurance: a way of removing risks
How insurers spread risks
the law of large numbers
importance of the independence of risks
Problems for insurers
adverse selection
moral hazard
RISK, UNCERTAINTY AND INSURANCE
33. Indifference curves
constructing an indifference curve
the shape of an indifference curve
diminishing marginal rate of substitution
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
35. 0
10
20
30
0 10 20
a
b
UnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
26
6 7
d
∆Y = 4
∆X = 1
∆Y = 1
∆X = 1
MRS = 1
MRS = 4
13 14
9
c
MRS = ∆Y/∆X
Deriving the marginal rate of substitution (MRS)
36. Indifference curves
constructing an indifference curve
the shape of an indifference curve
diminishing marginal rate of substitution
an indifference map
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
38. Indifference curves
constructing an indifference curve
the shape of an indifference curve
diminishing marginal rate of substitution
an indifference map
The budget line
constructing a budget line
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
40. UnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
a
Units of
good X
0
5
10
15
Units of
good Y
30
20
10
0
Assumptions
PX = £2
PY = £1
Budget = £30
Point on
budget line
a
A budget line
0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20
41. UnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
a
b
Units of
good X
0
5
10
15
Units of
good Y
30
20
10
0
Point on
budget line
a
b
Assumptions
PX = £2
PY = £1
Budget = £30
A budget line
0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20
42. UnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
a
b
c
Units of
good X
0
5
10
15
Units of
good Y
30
20
10
0
Point on
budget line
a
b
c
Assumptions
PX = £2
PY = £1
Budget = £30
A budget line
0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20
43. UnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
a
b
c
d
Units of
good X
0
5
10
15
Units of
good Y
30
20
10
0
Point on
budget line
a
b
c
d
Assumptions
PX = £2
PY = £1
Budget = £30
A budget line
0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20
44. Indifference curves
constructing an indifference curve
the shape of an indifference curve
diminishing marginal rate of substitution
an indifference map
The budget line
constructing a budget line
effect of a change in income
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
45. UnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
Assumptions
PX = £2
PY = £1
Budget = £30
Effect of an increase in income on the budget line
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20
46. UnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
Assumptions
PX = £2
PY = £1
Budget = £40
Budget
= £40
Budget
= £30
16
7
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20
m
n
Effect of an increase in income on the budget line
47. Indifference curves
constructing an indifference curve
the shape of an indifference curve
diminishing marginal rate of substitution
an indifference map
The budget line
constructing a budget line
effect of a change in income
effect of a change in price
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
48. 0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Effect on the budget line of a fall in the price of good XUnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
Assumptions
PX = £2
PY = £1
Budget = £30
49. 0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Effect on the budget line of a fall in the price of good XUnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
Assumptions
PX = £2
PY = £1
Budget = £30
50. 0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Effect on the budget line of a fall in the price of good XUnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
Assumptions
PX = £1
PY = £1
Budget = £30
51. Effect on the budget line of a fall in the price of good XUnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
Assumptions
PX = £1
PY = £1
Budget = £30
B1
B2
a
b0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
c
59. The optimum consumption point
equating the marginal rate of substitution
with the price ratio
MRS = MUA/MUB = PA/PB
The effect of a change in income
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
60. The optimum consumption point
equating the marginal rate of substitution
with the price ratio
MRS = MUA/MUB = PA/PB
The effect of a change in income
the income–consumption curve
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
65. The optimum consumption point
equating the marginal rate of substitution
with the price ratio
MRS = MUA/MUB = PA/PB
The effect of a change in income
the income–consumption curve
the Engel curve
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
74. The optimum consumption point
equating the marginal rate of substitution
with the price ratio
MRS = MUA/MUB = PA/PB
The effect of a change in income
the income–consumption curve
the Engel curve
income elasticity of demand and the
income–consumption curve
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
76. The optimum consumption point
equating the marginal rate of substitution
with the price ratio
MRS = MUA/MUB = PA/PB
The effect of a change in income
the income–consumption curve
the Engel curve
income elasticity of demand and the
income–consumption curve
the effect of a rise in income on the
demand for an inferior good
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
77. Effect of a rise in income on the demand for an inferior goodUnitsofgoodY
(normalgood)
Units of good X
(inferior good)
O
I1B1
a
80. The effect of changes in price
the price–consumption curve
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
81. 0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Assumptions
PX = £2
PY = £1
Budget = £30
Effect of a fall in the price of good XUnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
82. UnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
Assumptions
PX = £2
PY = £1
Budget = £30
B1 I1
0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
j
Effect of a fall in the price of good X
83. UnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
B1 I1
j
Assumptions
PX = £1
PY = £1
Budget = £30
0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Effect of a fall in the price of good X
84. UnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
Assumptions
PX = £1
PY = £1
Budget = £30
B1 I1 B2
a
j
0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
I2
k
Effect of a fall in the price of good X
85. 0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
UnitsofgoodY
Units of good X
B1 I1 B2
a
j
I2
Price-consumption curve
k
Effect of a fall in the price of good X
86. The effect of changes in price
the price–consumption curve
deriving the individual's demand curve
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
87. Deriving a demand curve from a price-consumption curve
B1
I1
Expenditureon
allothergoods
Units of good X
a
88. I2
Deriving a demand curve from a price-consumption curve
B1 B2
I1
Expenditureon
allothergoods
Units of good X
a b
Fall in the
price of X
89. I2
Deriving a demand curve from a price-consumption curve
B1 B2
I1
Expenditureon
allothergoods
Units of good X
a b
Further falls in
the price of X
90. Deriving a demand curve from a price-consumption curve
B1 B2 B3
I3
I2
I1
I4
B4
Expenditureon
allothergoods
Units of good X
a b
c d
Further falls in
the price of X
91. Deriving a demand curve from a price-consumption curve
B1 B2 B3
I3
I2
I1
I4
B4
Expenditureon
allothergoods
Units of good X
Price-consumption
curve
a b
c d
92. Deriving a demand curve from a price-consumption curve
B1 B2 B3
I3
I2
I1
I4
B4
Expenditureon
allothergoods
Units of good X
a Price-consumption
curve
b
c d
PriceofgoodX
Units of good X
P1
Q1
a
93. Deriving a demand curve from a price-consumption curve
B1 B2 B3
I3
I2
I1
I4
B4
Expenditureon
allothergoods
Units of good X
a Price-consumption
curve
b
c d
PriceofgoodX
Units of good X
a
Demand
P1
P2
P3
P4
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
b
c
d
94. The effect of changes in price
the price–consumption curve
deriving the individual's demand curve
Income and substitution effects of a
price change
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
95. The effect of changes in price
the price–consumption curve
deriving the individual's demand curve
Income and substitution effects of a
price change
a normal good
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
99. Units of Good X
UnitsofgoodY
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
Substitution
effect
Incom
e
QX1
h
f
g
B2 B1
QX2
QX3
B1a
Income effect of
the price rise
Income and substitution effects: normal good
100. The effect of changes in price
the price–consumption curve
deriving the individual's demand curve
Income and substitution effects of a
price change
a normal good
an inferior good
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
101. Units of Good X
UnitsofgoodY
B1
Income and substitution effects: Inferior (non-Giffen) good
f
QX1
I1
I2
102. Units of Good X
UnitsofgoodY
f
QX1
B2
QX3
I1
I2
Rise in the price
of good X
h
B1
Income and substitution effects: Inferior (non-Giffen) good
103. Units of Good X
UnitsofgoodY
f
QX1
B2
h
QX2
I1
I2
Substitution effect
B1a
Substitution effect
of the price rise
B1
Income and substitution effects: Inferior (non-Giffen) good
g
104. Units of Good X
UnitsofgoodY
f
QX1
B2
g
QX2
QX3
I1
I2
Substitution effect
h
Income effect
B1a
Income effect of
the price rise
B1
Income and substitution effects: Inferior (non-Giffen) good
105. The effect of changes in price
the price–consumption curve
deriving the individual's demand curve
Income and substitution effects of a
price change
a normal good
an inferior good
a Giffen good (a special type of inferior
good)
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
106. Units of Good X
UnitsofgoodY
B1
Income and substitution effects: Giffen good
f
QX1
I1
I2
107. Units of Good X
UnitsofgoodY
f
QX1
B2
QX3
I1
I2
Rise in the price
of good X
h
B1
Income and substitution effects: Giffen good
108. Units of Good X
UnitsofgoodY
f
QX1
B2
h
QX3
I1
I2
QX2
B1a
g
Substitution effect
Substitution effect
of the price rise
B1
Income and substitution effects: Giffen good
109. Units of Good X
UnitsofgoodY
f
QX1
B2
h
QX3
I1
I2
g
QX2
Substitution effect
Income effect
Income effect of
the price rise
B1
Income and substitution effects: Giffen good
B1a
110. The effect of a change in price on the
demand for other goods
The usefulness of indifference analysis
superiority of using ordinal measures
limitations of indifference analysis
INDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS