The 4.2km² site is in the Niigata Prefecture city of Kashiwazaki and the town of Kariwa, approximately 135 miles north-west of Tokyo, on the coast of the Sea of Japan. Kashiwazaki-Kariwa is also the world's fourth largest electric-generating station behind three hydroelectric plants: Itaipu on the Brazil-Paraguay border, Three Gorges Dam in China and Guri Dam in Venezuela. Like all power plants in Japan, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa was built to strict earthquake-resistance standards. However, the 2007 earthquake caused the plant to leak radioactive substances into the air and water. The plant, which has been operating since 1985, was closed until safety checks following the earthquake were completed. The plant was reopened in May 2009.

1. VIDHYADEEP INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PREPARED BY: ENROLLMENT NUMBER
(1)TEJAS CHAUDHARY 160943109004
(2) CHAUHAN BHADRESH 160943109005
(3) TEJAS GIRASE 160943109007

2. World largest nuclear power plant
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant

3. • OVERVIEW
• The 4.2km² site is in the Niigata Prefecture city of Kashiwazaki and the
town of Kariwa, approximately 135 miles north-west of Tokyo, on the
coast of the Sea of Japan.
• Kashiwazaki-Kariwa is also the world's fourth largest electric-generating
station behind three hydroelectric plants: Itaipu on the Brazil-Paraguay
border, Three Gorges Dam in China and Guri Dam in Venezuela.
• Like all power plants in Japan, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa was built to strict
earthquake-resistance standards. However, the 2007 earthquake caused
the plant to leak radioactive substances into the air and water. The
plant, which has been operating since 1985, was closed until safety
checks following the earthquake were completed. The plant was
reopened in May 2009.

4. • REACTORS
• Kashiwazaki-Kariwa has seven conventional nuclear reactors, each with an
average output of 1,067MW and a power rating of 1,100MW. Work on the first
reactor began in 1980, which came on line in 1985. The last came into
operation in 1994.
• In 1996 Kashiwazaki-Kariwa became the first plant in the world to use an
advanced boiling water reactor (ABWR) for commercial use. The ABWR,
designed by General Electric, is a Generation III reactor and has an average
output of 1,315MW and a power rating of 1,356MW.
• Another ABWR was opened in 1997. All reactors use low-enriched uranium as
nuclear fuel.

5. Reactor attributes

6. NUCLEAR FUEL
Nuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to derive nuclear
energy. The most common type of nuclear fuel is fissile elements that
can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear
reactor
The most common nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu. Not all nuclear
fuels are used in fission chain reactions

7. NUCLEAR FISSION
When a neutron strikes an atom of uranium, the uranium
splits ingto two lighter atoms and releases heat simultaneously.
Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which
can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic
radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments

8. NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS
A chain reaction refers to a process in which neutrons released
in fission produce an additional fission in at least one further
nucleus. This nucleus in turn produces neutrons, and the process
repeats. If the process is controlled it is used for nuclear power
or if uncontrolled it is used for nuclear weapons

10. U235 + n → fission + 2 or 3 n + 200 MeV
If each neutron releases two more neutrons, then
the number of fissions doubles each generation. In
that case, in 10 generations there are 1,024 fissions
and in 80 generations about 6 x 10 23 (a mole)
fissions.

12. NUCLEAR REACTOR
A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear
chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and
sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to a
nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs
in a fraction of a second and is uncontrolled
causing an explotion.

13. CONTROL RODS
Control rods made of a material that absorbs
neutrtons are inserted into the bundle using a
mechanism that can rise or lower the control rods.
. The control rods essentially contain neutron
absorbers like, boron, cadmium or indium.

14. STEAM GENERATORS
Steam generators are heat exchangers used to
convert water into steam from heat produced in a
nuclear reactor core.
Either ordinary water or heavy water is used as
the coolant.

15. STEAM TURBINE
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that
extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam,
and converts it into useful mechanical
 Various high-performance alloys and superalloys
have been used for steam generator tubing.

16. COOLANT PUMP
The coolant pump pressurizes the coolant to
pressures of the orderof 155bar.
The pressue of the coolant loop is maintained
almost constant with the help of the pump and a
pressurizer unit.

17. FEED PUMP
Steam coming out of the turbine, flows
through the condenser for condensation and
recirculated for the next cycle of operation.
The feed pump circulates the condensed
water in the working fluid loop.

18. CONDENSER
Condenser is a device or unit which is used to
condense vapor into liquid.
The objective of the condenser are to reduce
the turbine exhaust pressure to increase the
efficiency and to recover high qyuality feed water
in the form of condensate & feed back it to the
steam generator without any further treatment.

19. COOLING TOWER
Cooling towers are heat removal devices used
to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.
Water cirulating throughthe codeser is taken to
the cooling tower for cooling and reuse

20. ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low
amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green
house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear
power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little.
This technology is readily available, it does not have to be
developed first.
It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical
energy in one single plant

21. DISADVANTAGES
The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved
one.
High risks: It is technically impossible to build a plant
with 100% security.
The energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium.
Uranium is a scarce resource, its supply is estimated to
last only for the next 30 to 60 years depending on the
actual demand.

22. DISADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste
could be preferred targets for terrorist attacks..
During the operation of nuclear power plants,
radioactive waste is produced, which in turn can
be used for the production of nuclear weapons.

23. THANK YOU