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1. RABIA AZIZ
BS-III CHEMISTRY
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2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Sources Of Particulate Matter
 Industrial Sources of Particulate Emissions
 Types Of Particulate Matter
 Important Terms Describing Atmospheric
Particles
 Particulate Matter And Health
 General Methods For Control Of Particulate
Emissions
 Particulate Collection Mechanism
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3. Introduction
 Particulate matter is a mixture of solid, liquid or solid and liquid
particles suspended in the air.
 These suspended particles vary in size, composition and origin.
 This complex mixture includes both organic and inorganic
particles, such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets.
 Sources of particulate matter can be man-made or natural.
 They have impacts on climate and precipitation that adversely
affect human health.
 Particulate matter makes up the most visible and obvious form
of air pollution.
 Pollutant particles in the 0.001–10 mm range are commonly
suspended in the air near sources of pollution such as the urban
atmosphere, industrial plants, highways, and power plants.
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5. Particles Differ In Their Chemical Composition
Depending On Origin. They Are Usually Made Up
Of:
 salts in the form of nitrates, sulphates, carbonates,
chlorides, etc.,
 organic carbon compounds (PAHs, oxides, condensable
organic compounds, etc.) (called "organic carbon" and
written as OC).
 trace elements such as heavy metals, etc.,
 black carbon (BC).
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7.  Particles are distinguished by size:
 Total Suspended Particles include all particles, of
whatever size,
 PM10 are particles less than 10 µm (10 microns) in
diameter,
 PM2.5 are particles less than 2.5 µm in diameter,
 Black Carbon emissions are based on a chemical speciation of
PM2,5 emissions
 PM1.0 are particles less than 1 µm in diameter,
 Particles which are 2.5 to 10 in diameter are called
coarse particles. Particles less than 2.5 in diameter
are called fine particles and include ultra-fine
particles of less than 0.1 µm (PM0.1).
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8. coarse particles
Fine particles
Ultra-fine particles
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9. Sources of Particulate matter
 Particulate matter emissions are generated from different
sources:
 Mechanical: powdering, crushing, cracking, transport of non-
cohesive materials, soil erosion (by wind for example), etc.
These particles are usually a few microns to a few hundred
microns in diameter.
 Chemical or thermal: These particles form when chemical
reactions or high-temperature evaporation followed by
condensation change the state of the material. These particles
range in size from a few nanometres to under 1 .
 Biological: pollen, fungi, bacteria.
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10.  Emissions of particulate matter can therefore be from natural
sources or from human activities:
 Particulate matter emissions from human activities are closely
dependent on dust removal equipment, processes and operating
conditions.
 The main sources of emissions are:
 ploughing,
 construction sites, public works and civil engineering,
 quarrying,
 combustion of solid mineral fuels, liquid fuels and biomass.
 The order of importance of emissions from these different
sources depends on the size distribution of the particles
considered.
 Particulate matter emissions from natural sources are closely
related to climate and natural conditions (wind erosion, forest
fires, volcanic eruptions, pollen, wind-blown soil and sand, sea
salt etc.)
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13. Industrial Sources of
Particulate Emissions
 Iron & Steel Mills, the blast furnaces, steel making furnaces.
 Petroleum Refineries, the catalyst regenerators, air-blown
asphalt stills, and sludge burners.
 Portland cement industry
 Asphalt batching plants
 Production of sulfuric acid
 Production of phosphoric acid
 Soap and Synthetic detergent manufacturing
 Glass & glass fiber industry
 Instant coffee plants
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14. Types Of Particulate Matter
 The different types of particulate matter may be
divided into three categories:
 primary particulate matter: directly released into the
atmosphere by a large number of human and natural
sources (see list above).
 secondary particulate matter: formed by physical and
chemical reactions from other pollutants, called
precursors.
 re-suspended particulate matter: after it has been
deposited, particulate matter can then return into the
air through wind action or road traffic disturbance in
urban areas,
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15. Important Terms Describing
Atmospheric Particles
Term Meaning
 Aerosol: Colloidal-sized atmospheric particle
 Condensation aerosol: Formed by condensation of
vapors or reactions of gases
 Dispersion aerosol: Formed by grinding of solids,
atomization of liquids, or dispersion of dusts
 Fog: Term denoting high level of water droplets
 Haze: Denotes decreased visibility due to the presence of
particles
 Mists: Liquid particles
 Smoke: Particles formed by incomplete combustion of fuel
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17. PARTICULATE MATTER AND
HEALTH
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19. Symptoms of exposure to particulate matter:
People with heart conditions may experience:
 Chest pain
 Irregular heartbeat
 Shortness of breath
 Fatigue
 Heart attacks
 Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common
heart problem related to long term exposure to PM2.5
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20.  People with lung conditions may experience:
 Coughing
 Shortness of breath
 Decreased ability to breathe deeply or vigorously
 Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections
 Aggravation of existing lung conditions like asthma and
chronic bronchitis
 Healthy people may experience temporary symptoms
like:
 Eye, nose, and throat irritation
 Coughing
 Chest tightness
 Shortness of breath
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21. General Methods For Control
Of Particulate Emissions
 Five Basic Types of Dust Collectors:
Gravity and Momentum collectors
 Settling chambers, louvers, baffle chambers
Centrifugal Collectors
 Cyclones
 Mechanical centrifugal collectors
Fabric Filters
 Baghouses
 Fabric collectors
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23. Electrostatic Precipitators
 Tubular
 Plate
 Wet
 Dry
Wet Collectors
 Spray towers
 Impingement scrubbers
 Wet cyclones
 Peaked towers
 Mobile bed scrubbers
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24. Particulate Collection
Mechanism
 Gravity Settling
 Centrifugal Impaction
 Inertial Impaction
 Direct Interception
 Diffusion
 Electrostatic Effects
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