Individual cognition Stages of cognitive process Piaget's theory of cognitive development What Causes a Cognitive Disorder

1. Name: awais sharif
Roll No: 17581556-090
Sec: B
Presented to : Sir Ikram ul Haq

2. Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and
understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".
 Thinking
 Knowing
 Remembering
 Problem solving
 Judging

3. Cognition includes all processes of consciousness by which knowledge
is accumulated.
 Sensation
 Perception
 Human intelligence
 Learning
 Thinking
 Memory
 Decision making

4. Piaget, cognitive development was a progressive reorganization of mental
processes as a result of biological maturation and environmental experience.
Children construct an understanding of the world around them, then experience
discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in their
environment.
Components:
 schema
 Adaptation processes
 Stages of Cognitive Development:
I. sensorimotor,
II. preoperational,
III. concrete operational,
IV. formal operational.

5. 1.Schema:
A cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are
tightly interconnected and governed by a core meaning.
2.Adaption process:
That enable the transition from one stage to another,
Assimilation:
Which is using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation.
Accommodation:
This happens when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs
to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.

6. 3. Stage of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor:
 Birth to ages 18-24 months. The main achievement during this stage is object permanence -
knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden.
 It requires the ability to form a mental representation of the object.
Preoperational:
 Toddlerhood (18-24 months) through early childhood (age 7). During this stage, young children
can think about things symbolically. This is the ability to make one thing a word or an object
stand for something other than itself.

7. Concrete operational:
Ages 7 to 11 years. this stage is characterized by the ability of the child to think
logically wherein mathematical operations develop. Children may have
difficulty dealing with hypothetical problems because thinking can only be
applied to concrete objects or events.
 Formal operational:
Adolescence to adulthood. The formal operational stage begins at approximately
age eleven and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability
to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses.

8. The things that you can do to protect and maximize your cognitive abilities:
• Stay healthy:
Lifestyle factors such as eating healthy and getting regular exercise can have an effect on your
cognitive functioning.
• Think critically:
Question your assumptions and ask questions about your thoughts, beliefs, and conclusions.
• Stay curious and keep learning:
One great way to flex your cognitive abilities is to keep challenging yourself to learn more about
the world.
• Skip multitasking:
While it might seem like doing several things at once would help you get done faster, research
has shown it actually decreases both productivity and work quality

9. Cognitive disorders are caused by a variety of factors such as:
 Hormonal imbalances in the womb
 Genetic predisposition (E.g. mental retardation)
 Environmental factors
 e.g.
1. lack of proper nutrients
2. Interaction during vulnerable stages of cognitive development, particularly during infancy.
3. substance abuse
4. physical injury
5. exposure to neurotoxins