2. Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2006 Europe : EU holds 4% of the proven coal reserves, and has 18% of the world’s electric generating capacity. EU expects that by 2020 2/3 of its total energy demand will be imported. CO 2 emission: 3 853 Mtpa. CO 2 per capita: 8.4 tpa. Energy intensity: 208 toe/M€ (2003, ec 1995, Ref. EU DG-Tren Statistics). Installed electric capacity: 652.9 GW (2005) EU-27: 490,4 mill. citizens (July 2007 est.) Area: 4 324 782 km 2 Coal R/P: 63 years (2006) India: 1 129.9 mill. citizens Area: 3 287 590 km 2 Coal R/P: 207 (2006) Comparing statistics India/EU: Population: 2.3:1 Area: 1:1.3 CO 2 emission: 1:3.5 CO 2 per capita: 1:8.4 Energy intensity: 1:1.3 Installed el-generating capacity: 1:5 India : The World’s second-most populous nation, and fifth largest importer of oil, and polluter number six. CO 2 emission: 1 113 Mtpa from oil (27%), coal (67%), natural gas (6%). CO 2 per capita: 1.0 tpa. Energy intensity: 159.4 toe/M€. Installed electric capacity: 131.4 GW / roughly 94% conventional thermal (oil 33%, coal 53%, natural gas 8%), 1% nuclear, 5% hydropower (2006)

4. Setting the scene: Security of energy supply World R/P ratio – recent trends, local variations (2001-2006) Per definition “reserves” are sources that are know and deemed economically exploitable. China: 48 years India: 207 years EU-27: 63 years USA: 234 years Australia: 210 years Former Soviet Union: 464 years  EC/EEA, 2004: India is supposed to double its CO 2 emission from year 2000 by 2012 Mitigating climate change: cannot ignore fossil fuels

5. Market trends: Generating cost of new power generating capacity Fuel price development for European deliveries 1985-2006

7. CO 2 formation from coal - relating to the state of technology Estimated annual CO 2 emission per GW e installed (in Mtpa) versus plant efficiency (%) at given capture rate (CR).

8. Advanced clean coal – carbon emission reduction while maintaining efficiency p crit = 221.2 bar, t crit = 374.15 o C Source: Efficiency in Electricity Generation, Eurelectric July 2003

9. CCS technology options Hydrogen Chemicals Retrofit options Alternative power cycles Polygeneration Efficiency reduction: goal < 5%-points Cost of CO 2 avoided: goal < 20 €/t CO2

13. Polygeneration studies Emphasis on yield and fuel penalty – Pre-combustion capture

14. East China sedimentary basins (Courtesy GeoCapacity) Bohai Basin and Shandong Provins Source: Point sources refer to IEAGHG 2006, Oil fields refer to Geocarto International Centre 1988. GIS information is made available by BGS

15. Norwegian experience: The Sleipner saline aquifer CO 2 storage project – operating since 1996 – storing 1 Mtpa CO 2 The offshore storage principle: Sleipner (Courtesy Statoil) (Courtesy Statoil) (Courtesy Statoil)

17. Acknowledgements The European Commission for sponsoring the COACH project (EC/FP6 Contract #038966, Cooperation Action within CCS China-EU) backed by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Peoples’ Republic of China