RFID

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF
M-COMMERCE
 RFID
 WiMAX
 SMS
 SECURITY ISSUES IN MOBILE
COMPUTING
BY:
Theiva Sena.R(21BCC556)

2. 1.RFID
• Radio Frequency Identification
• It uses radio waves to passively identify a tagged object
• several commercial and industrial applications, from
tracking items along a supply chain to keeping track of items
checked out of a library.
• Developed in 1970’s but it is being very active in recent times
because of the advanced technology
• The two basic elements of RFID are : Reader and tag

3. RFID TAGS
• RFID tags is used for automatically identifying a person, a package or an item.
• It can be incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification
• and tracking using radio waves.
• The three basic elements of RFID Tags are:-
1) Antenna:
the purpose of the antenna in an RFID tag is to communicate with the RFID reader.
2) Microchip:
it acts as a storage of RFID tag. It keeps the record of data or identification number.
3) Battery:
some tags contain a battery to power the microchip required for reading/writing
functionalities.
• work by using a microchip and an antenna to receive and transmit information in simple it is an Integrated Circuit(IC)

5. 1)UHF or Ultra-High Frequency tags –
300 MHz to 3GHz
2) HF or High Frequency tags – 3 to 30
MHz
3) LF or Low Frequency tags – 30 KHz
to 300 KHz
RFID TAGS
ACTIVE RFID TAG
SEMI-PASSIVE RFID
TAG PASSIVE RFID TAG
TRANSPONDERS BEACONS HARD TAGS INLAYS

6. Active RFID Tag
It is also known as batter-operated because it uses an onboard
battery as their power supply
 It transmits information either 915MHz or 433MHz
 It is used to track location
TRANSPONDERS – reader is required to transmit data and it can be
used in aircraft location , access control system
 BEACONS – An information ping in every seconds is what beacons
send out and it can be used in oil and gas industry , cargo tracking etc

7. Semi-Passive RFID Tag
 It is also known as Batter assisted tag(BAT)
The power supply inside it provides powers only to the part that
holds the data
It first uses backscatter to communicate with the reader and does not
have signal transmitter inside
The range is very shorter and it has improved accuracy, flexibility and
ease of use
It is convenient for laboratory staff

8. Passive RFID Tag
 Frequency that is used can affect the range of the tag
 Readers scans the passive RFID tag and the energy will be
transmitted
Antenna and the chip gets the information that is relayed back to the
reader
 Reader transmitted back to RFID computer program
 HARD TAGS – They are made out of hard & durable metal or plastic
and used mainly in jail , prison for checking the presence of people
INLAYS – It is thin and can come in the form of stickers that can be
placed in products.

9. CHARACTERISTICS ACTIVE RFID TAG SEMI-PASSIVE RFID TAG PASSIVE RFID TAG
Battery Yes Yes No
Active transmitter Yes No No
Range 300-750 feet
100 feet
20 feet
Radio interference Yes No No
Storage space High capacity Larger than passive tags Limited
Life span 2-7 years 2-7 years 20 years
Size, weight Highly Expensive Expensive Cheap

10. Applications of RFID
• Medical Application
• Libraries
• Highway toll collection
• Automatic identification and anti-theft vehicles
• Animal tracking

13. 2.WiMAX
• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
• It is a communication technology for wirelessly delivering high-speed
Internet service to large geographical asset
• WiMAX operates over radio waves on tower-received model
• A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage over about 8,000 square
km
• It also connect to other towers via a line-of-sight microwave link to
broaden coverage further.
• It is a formed to promote and certify compatibility and
interoperability of broadband wireless
• It is created for Metropolitan Area Networks(MAN).

14. D/B Wi-Fi and WiMAX
• Wi-Fi doesn’t cover over larger distance but WiMAX covers far
distance
• Wi-Fi covers radius of several hundred feet, a fixed WiMAX
station can cover a range of up to 30 miles.
• Wi-Fi can be set in home networks and coffee shops, it is
impractical for larger areas but WiMAX can cover over several
miles with a single station.
• WiMAX is also known by its technical name, "IEEE 802.16,"
which is similar to Wi-Fi's technical specification of 802.11.
• We cant replace WiMAX with Wi-Fi but we can use it along with
Wi-Fi

15. IEEE 802.16
• The 802.16a standard for 2-11 GHz is a wireless metropolitan
area network (MAN) technology that will provide broadband
wireless connectivity to Fixed, Portable and Nomadic devices.
• It can be used to connect 802.11 hot spots to the Internet,
provide campus connectivity, and provide a wireless alternative
to cable and DSL for last mile broadband access.

18. 3.SMS
SMS, which stands for Short Message Service, is the text messaging service on
most mobile phones and other mobile devices.
SMS is based on standardized communication protocols to send text messages
from device to device.
SMS is ideal for sending short, text-only messages and up to 160 characters
 MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) is the most common alternative to SMS
and in MMS we can send images, audio and videos
On December 3, 1992, the first SMS text message in history is sent: Neil
Papworth, a 22-year-old engineer, uses a personal computer to send the text
message “Merry Christmas” via the Vodafone network to the phone of a
colleague.

20. SMS Marketing
• Short-term promotions for retail or ecommerce businesses
• Urgent updates about events or customer orders
• Appointment reminders
• Internal alerts
• E-Commerce stores
• Travel agencies

22. Mobile Computing
 Mobile Computing is the technology used for transmitting voice and data
through small, portable devices using wireless enabled networks.
 Examples are Online delivery systems associated with credit card verification.
The three main components of mobile computing are :-
1) Mobile Hardware
2) Mobile Software
3) Mobile Communication

23. Safety measures in Mobile Computing
• Use strong passwords/biometrics
• Ensure public or free Wi-Fi is protected
• Utilize VPN(Virtual private network)
• Encrypt your device
• Install an Antivirus application
• Update to the latest software