Phanerozoic Stratigraphy of India Phanerozoic Basins Phanerozoic Rift Basins

1. Phanerozoic Stratigraphy of India

4. Columbia/Nuna
1590 Ma, view
centered on the North Pole,
after Dalziel 1997

5. Proposed reconstruction of
Rodinia for 750 Ma, with
orogenic belts of 1.1 Ga age
highlighted in green. Red dots
indicate 1.3–1.5 Ga A-type
Granite

6. Pannotia545 Ma,
view centered on the South
Pole, after Dalziel 1997

7. Amasia 280 Ma, view
centered on the South
Pole, after Dalziel 1997

16. How does the next super continent form ?

17. Cratons of India
1. Singhbhum Craton (3.56 Ga)
2. Bundelkhand Craton (3.3 Ga)
3. Dharwar Craton (3.2 Ga)
4. Bastar Craton (3.01 Ga)

18. Phanerozoic Basins
1. Bengal Basin
2. Damodar Valley Basin
3. Mahanadi Basin
4. Krishna-Godavari Basin
(Pranhita-Godavari rift)
5. Cauvery Basin (Cauvery shear zone)
6. Kerala Basin
7. Konkan Basin
8. Saurastra Basin
9. Kutch Basin
10. Cambay Basin
11. Barmer Basin
12. Jaisalmer Basin
13. Bikaner-Nagaur Basin
14. Narmada Basin
15. Ganga-Bramhaputra peripheral
foreland Basin
16. Tethyan Basin
17. Assam Arakaan Basin
18. Tripura-Mizoram Basin
19. Andaman and Nicobar Basins

19. Phanerozoic Rift
Basins
1. Bengal basin
2. Mahanadi Rift
3. Pranhita-Godavari
rift)
4. Cauvery shear zone
5. Kerala Basin
6. Konkan Basin
7. Saurastra Basin
8. Kutch Rift
9. Barmer Basin
10. Jaisalmer rift
11. Bikaner-Nagaur Basin
12. Narmada Rift
Precambrian Trend
1. Dharwar trend
2. Aravalli Trend
3. Delhi Trend
4. Satpura Trend

21. Schematic diagram of north-south cross-section across the Himalaya orogen illustrating occurrence of Tethyan basins
(north of Higher Himalaya crystalline) and foreland basins viz. Subathu-Dagshai/Kasauli (late Palaeocene - Oligocene)
and Siwalik (middle Miocene to early Pleistocene) at the leading edge of orogen (modified after Murphy and Yin 2003)
P.P. Chakraborty, et al. (2019) Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 184

22. Peripheral Indo-Gangetic foreland drained by mighty Rivers Indus, Ganges and
Brahmaputra leading to formation of submarine fans viz. Indus fan and Bengal fan.
P.P. Chakraborty, et al. 2019. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 184.

23. Long lived Hotspot
• Reunion Hotspot
(Deccan Volcanics)
• Kerguelen Hotspot
(Rajmahal Volcanics)

24. Rift Vs Graben
• Rift valley formed by depression of a block of earth crust between two fault.
• Rift valley are long, narrow and deep valley.
• Rift valley are found on crustal surface and on seafloor.
• Possibility:
• (1) Middle portion drop down and either side remain stable.
• Dead sea Narmada Valley and Tapti Valley are rift valley.
• Death valley of California is example of Graben

25. Through this complex evolution, the craton witnessed
development of a wide range of sedimentary basins of diverse
tectonic character viz. rift, passive margin, foreland,
accretionary etc at different times through the Phanerozoic
Eon.
The development of sedimentary basins as a consequence of
the tectonic evolution of the Indian plate.
To basins are categorized here as
(i) riftogenic (Intra- and Peri-cratonic),
(ii) Rift-passive margin,
(iii) foreland and foredeep,
(iv) subduction- related/accretionary and
(v) collisional in origin.

26. Intra-cratonic rift basins
Riftogenic basins within the Indian landmass, preserving
sedimentary strata from late Paleozoic to Tertiary, include
(i) Gondwana Basins; intraplate rift basin/s correlatives of
which can be traced in all the constituent continental
blocks of the east Gondwana assembly,
(ii) Kutch-Saurashtra basins; peri-cratonic rifts which led
to the fragmentation of the Indian landmass from its
erstwhile neighbors, and
(iii) Cambay basin.

27. East coast
Continental rifts leading to sea floor spreading between
India, Australia and Antarctica in early Cretaceous
(~130 Ma) opened the east coast of Indian subcontinent.
Intrinsic crustal distinction between ancient tectonic blocks
viz. Shillong plateau, Chotonagpur plateau, Eastern Ghats,
Southern granulite terrain (SGT) and operation of major
river systems subdivided the ~2000 km long east coast into
five major sedimentary basins viz.
i) Krishna-Godavari (K-G) Basin,
ii) Mahanadi Basin,
iii) Cauvery Basin,
iv) Palar Basin and
v) Bengal Basin

28. Foreland basins
Peripheral foreland basins, created during progressive
plate convergence in a collisional tectonic setting, depicts
three main depositional stages i.e., a lower under-filled
(early deep marine sediments) phase followed
successively by filled (shallow marine) and over-filled
(sub aerial alluvial sediments) stages (Sinclair, 1997).
Classically the passage from marine to continental in
peripheral foreland basins has been explained by
progressive thrust propagation towards the foreland .
i) Bengal basin
ii) Assam-Arakan basin

29. Accretionary arc and forearc basin
To the south-east of the Indian subcontinent, the Andaman
Islands, representing central part of Burma–Java
subduction complex, expose tectonostratigraphic units of
an accretionary prism in an outer-arc setting and
turbidites of a forearc setting. A number of N–S-trending
dismembered ophiolite slices of Cretaceous age, occurring
at different structural levels with Eocene trench-slope
sediments, were uplifted and emplaced by a series of E-
dipping thrusts because of subduction of the oceanic plate.

30. Tethyan basins
The Tethyan Himalaya, lying to the north of the Higher
Himalayan crystalline, comprises nearly continuous
fossiliferous sedimentary sequence from Cambrian to
Eocene (Hayden, 1904, Baud et al., 1984), deposited
along the southern margin of the Neotethys i.e. an
ocean that separated Indian continent from Asia in
pre-Tertiary times. Constituted of shale, carbonates
and quartzites, this sediment succession offers an
opportunity to study sedimentation history on an
intermittently subsiding.

31. References:
• Valdiya, K.S., 2010. The Making of India Geodynamic Evolution
• Walliser, Otto H., 1995. Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic.