1. NARRATIVE GENRE
Fakry Hamdani

2. Genre
A genre (pronounced /ˈʒɑːnrə/, also /
ˈdʒɑːnrə/; from French "kind" or "sort", from
Latin: genus (stem gener-)) is a loose set of
criteria for a category of composition; the term
is often used to categorize literature and
speech, but is also used for any other
form of art or utterance.
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3.  A genre can be defined as a culturally specific
text-type which results from using language
(written or spoken) to (help) accomplish
something.
 Genres are culture specific & have associated
with:
3. Particular purpose
4. Particular stages, distinctive beginnings, middles,
and ends
5. Particular linguistic features
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4. Narrative
 A narrative or story that is created in a constructive format
(written, spoken, poetry, prose, images, song, theater or dance)
that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events. It
derives from the Latin verb narrare, which means "to recount"
and is related to the adjective gnarus, meaning "knowing" or
"skilled. The word "story" may be used as a synonym of
"narrative", but can also be used to refer to the sequence of
events described in a narrative. A narrative can also be told by
a character within a larger narrative. An important part of
narration is the narrative mode.
 Along with exposition, argumentation and description,
narration, broadly defined, is one of four rhetorical modes of
discourse. More narrowly defined, it is the fiction-writing mode
whereby the narrator communicates directly to the reader.
 Stories are an important aspect of culture. Many works of art,
and most works of literature, tell stories; indeed, most of the
humanities involve stories.
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5. Fiction Versus Non Fiction
 Fiction is an imaginative form of narrative; one of the four
basic rhetorical modes. Although the word fiction is derived
from the Latin fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum, "to form, create",
works of fiction need not be entirely imaginary and may
include real people, places, and events. Fiction may be
written or oral or may be presented as a film or in theater or
on radio or television. Although not all fiction is necessarily
artistic, fiction is largely perceived as a form of art or
entertainment. The ability to create fiction and other artistic
works is considered to be a fundamental aspect of human
culture, one of the defining characteristics of humanity.
 Non-fiction is an account or representation of a subject
which is presented as fact. This presentation may be
accurate or not; that is, it can give either a true or a false
account of the subject in question.
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6. Types of prose fiction
 Flash fiction: A work of fewer than 2,000 words.
(1,000 by some definitions) (around 5 pages)
 Short story: A work of at least 2,000 words but under
7,500 words. (5-25 pages)
 Novelette: A work of at least 7,500 words but under
17,500 words. (25-60 pages)
 Novella: A work of at least 17,500 words but under
50,000 words. (60-170 pages)
 Novel: A work of 50,000 words or more. (about 170+
pages)
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7. Forms of fiction
Traditionally, fiction includes novels,
short stories, fables, fairy tales, plays,
poetry, but it now also encompasses
films, comic books, and video games.
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8. Non-Fiction
 Almanac  Journal
 Autobiography  Journalism
 Biography  Letter
 Blueprint  Literary criticism
 Book report  Memoir
 Creative nonfiction  Natural history
 Design document
 Philosophy
 Diagram
 Photograph
 Diary
 Science book
 Dictionary
 Scientific paper
 Non-fiction films (documentaries)
 Statute
 Encyclopedia
 Textbook
 Essay
 Travelogue
 History
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 User manual

9. Cinderella
Once upon a time, there was a little girl
called Cinderella. She was pretty, loving and
clever. But she was very poor. She lived with
her step mother and stepsisters. They were
very mean.
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10. They hated Cinderella very much.
Fortunately, she met a prince. He fell in love
with her. Then Cinderella became a princess.
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11. NARRATIVE GENRE
Purpose:
To entertain/to amuse the readers.
Lexicogrammatical Features:
Focus on specific Participants
Use of Material Processes
Use of Relational Processes and Mental
Processes
Use of Temporal Conjunctions and Temporal
Circumstances
Use of Past Tense
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12. Cinderella
Specific Participants
Past Tense
Once upon a time, there was a little
girl called Cinderella. She was pretty,
loving and clever. But she was very
Material Processes
poor. She lived with her step mother
and stepsisters. They were very mean.
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13. Mental Processes
They hated Cinderella very much.
Fortunately, she met a prince. He fell
in love with her. Then Cinderella
became a princess.
Material Processes
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14. GENERIC STRUCTURE
Orientation Sets the scene and introduces the
participants
Evaluation A stepping back to evaluate the
plight
Complication A crisis arises
Resolution The crisis is resolved, for better or
for worse
Reorientation Optional
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15. GENERIC STRUCTURE
Orientation Once upon a time, there was a little
girl called Cinderella.
Evaluation She was pretty, loving and clever.
Complication But she was very poor. She lived
with her stepmother and stepsisters.
They were very wicked.
Resolution Fortunately, she met a prince. He
fell in love with her.
Reorientation Then Cinderella became a princess.
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16. COMIC BOOK
 A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and
sometimes called a comic paper or comic
magazine) is a magazine or book of narrative
artwork and (virtually always) dialog and descriptive
prose. The style was introduced in 1934. Despite the
term, comic books do not necessarily feature
humorous subject-matter; in fact, it is often serious
and action-oriented.
 The term "comic book" arose to describe some of
the earliest such publications, which reprinted
newspaper comic strips, themselves so labeled for
originally presenting humor exclusively.
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17. Japanese Comic (Manga)
 The first comic books in Japan appeared during the 18th
century in the form of woodblock-printed booklets containing
short stories drawn from folk tales, legends, and historical
accounts, told in a simple visual-verbal idiom. Known as "red
books" ( 赤本 akahon?), "black books" ( 黒本 kurobon?),
and "blue books" ( 青本 aohon?), these were written primarily
for less literate readers. However, with the publication in 1775
of Koikawa Harumachi's comic book Master Flashgold's
Splendiferous Dream ( 金々先生栄花の夢 Kinkin sensei eiga
no yume?), an adult form of comic book originated, which
required greater literacy and cultural sophistication. This was
known as the kibyōshi ( 黄表紙 ?, lit. yellow cover). Published
in thousands (possibly tens of thousands) of copies, the
kibyōshi may have been the earliest fully realized comic book
for adults in world literary history. Approximately 2000 titles
remain extant.
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18. Semiotics
 Semiotics, also called semiotic studies or semiology, is the study of
sign processes (semiosis), or signification and communication, signs and
symbols, both individually and grouped into sign systems. It includes the
study of how meaning is constructed and understood.
 One of the attempts to formalize the field was most notably led by the
Vienna Circle and presented in their
International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, in which the authors
agreed on breaking out the field, which they called "semiotic", into three
branches:
 Semantics: Relation between signs and the things they refer to, their
denotata.
 Syntactics: Relation of signs to each other in formal structures.
 Pragmatics: Relation of signs to their impacts on those who use them.
(Also known as General Semantics)
 These branches are clearly inspired by Charles W. Morris, especially his
Writings on the general theory of signs (The Hague, The Netherlands,
Mouton, 1971, orig. 1938).
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