a detailed compilation of global warming- definition, history of discovery, causes, proposed alternative causation theory, green house gases and their potential, current GHGs production rate of India, effects of Global warming, methods to prevent and international protocols applied for GHGs reduction.

1. GLOBAL WARMING
Presented By: Rashmi Sharma
PhD Student
School of Public Health

2. Introduction
• Global Warming- The increase in earth’s average temperature due to rising
level of green house gases. (Usage., Erik M. NASA, 2008).
• Often global warming misunderstood as climate change.
• Climate change- The long-term changes in the weather pattern of Earth or a
part of earth’s region

3. Discovery of Global Warming
First industrial
revolution.
Tyndall
demonstrated
that change in
gas could bring
change in
climate
International
meterological
organisation
compiled and
standardized
data on climate
factors
including
temperature
Arrhenius
published first
calculation of
global CO2
level.
Second industrial
revolution-
increase in
manufacturing of
fertiliser and
improved public
health service.
1824 1859 1879 18971896

4. Contd…
7531
1956
1960
1972
1988-99
1957
1967
1980-87
Plass calculated
that adding CO2 to
atmosphere has a
significant effect
on global climate.
Keeling accurately
measures CO2 and
observes a raise
from 290ppm to
315ppm
Droughts in
Africa, Ukraine
and India cause
world food crisis
spreading fear
about climatic
change
IPCC was established –
2nd Ipcc report states
signature of human
caused green house
warming.
A super el-nino makes
it a exceptionally
warm year.
Revelle finds
out that CO2
produced by
humans will not
be readily
absorbed by
oceans.
International
Global
Atmospheric
researchn
was
established
•1981 hottest year of the
century.
•Ramanathan and
collaborator announce
global warming may come
twice as fast as expected.
•Montreal protocol of
Veinna convention imposes
restriction on emissions of
ozone destroying gases.

5. Present Scenario
2001- 2005
3rd IPCC- baldly states that global warming inevitable.
Bonn meeting to work towards implementation of kyoto protocol.
kyoto treaty goes into effect signed by every on except US.
2006-2008
China overtakes United States as prime producer of CO2.
Greenland , Antarctic sheets and Arctic ocean cover found to be
sinking
2009
 Copenhagen conference fails to negotiate-end of hopes to avoid future
climate change
2012-2015
Paris agggrement comes into force.
Mean global temperature rises from 13.9 to 14.8

6. Causes
 Two major causes
• Anthropogenic
– Green house effect
• Natural –
– El Nino and La-Nina
– Solar activity and earth’s
magnetism.

7. Greenhouse EffectSun

8. Greenhouse Effect
• The process by which radiation from a planet’s atmosphere warms the
planet’s surface to a temperature above average.
• Green house gases
– Carbondioxide
– Nitrous oxide
– Water vapors
– Troposphere ozone
– Nitrous oxide
– Hydrofluorocarbons,
– Perfluorocarbons
– Sulfur hexafluoride

9. Greenhouse Gases
Gas GWP
(100yr)
Atmospheric
lifetime
Carbondioxide 1 100-300
Methane 21 12.4
Nitrous oxide 265 121
CFC11 4660 45
CFC12 10200 100
HCFC141b 782 9.2
HCFC142b 1980 17.2
Carbon
tetrachloride
1730 26
HFC134a 1300 13.4
SF6 23500 2600
HCFC22 1760 11.9
Blasing., CDIAC. 2016
Sources
 Combustion of solid waste, fossil
fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), and
wood and wood products .
 Methane emissions resulting from
the decomposition of organic wastes
in municipal solid waste landfills,
and the raising of livestock.
 Agricultural and industrial activities.
 Carbon dioxide stays in the
atmosphere for approximately 100
years, methane lasts about 12 years-
inferring greenhouse effect last long.
(T.J., CDIAC. 2016)

10. Mechanism of green house effect

11. Carbondioxide- Major Contributor
Current concentration
Concentration with respect to
global temperature

12. Current trend for other GHGs
• Methane level- 1813.4PPB
• In past decade- Methane
concentration has risen sharply
by 25 teragram/year – due to
agriculture and fossil fuel.
• Most recent conc. level
recorded-332.75 PPB
(Jan.,2019) .
• Nitrous oxide has increases due
to agriculture mainly
Current Level of methane
Current level of nitrous oxide

13. Carbondioxide Movement

14. Halocarbon And Other Trace Gases
 HFC are compounds
containing carbon, hydrogen
and fluorine.
 Used as solvents,
refrigerants, foam blowing
agents, air conditioning
fluids.
 Hfc141a and hfc141b are
seen as substitutes for hcfc-
they do not deplete
stratospheric ozone.
 They act as GHGs, thus
their use should be restricted
in near future to prevent
aggravation of effect.
Observed atmospheric changes for substitute
halocarbon
NOAA., 2016

15. GHGs Production in India
– India emitted 3.59 giga tonne greenhouse gases equivalent in year 2017
• CO2 – 2.45 giga tonne
• Methane- 826 megatonne
• Nitrous oxide- 273 mega tonne
• F- gases- 31.8 mega tonne
• Per capita CO2 is 1.83 tonne/person/year
• Emission growth was 2.9% in 2017 almost half of emission observed in before
2015.
• Lower emission due to reduction in coal (decreased CO2 ) consumption- 4.5%
in 2017 in comparison to 7.6% before 2015.

16. Contributing Sectors

17. El- Nino-Southern
oscillations
•ENSO- Irregular periodic
variation in wind and sea surface
over tropical eastern pacific ocean
affecting temperature of tropics
and sub tropics.
•Warm phase of sea temperature is
El Nino.
•Cooling phase is La Nina.
•As per NOAA, Weak El Nino
conditions are present and are
expected to continue through
northern hemisphere spring,
2019.
Average sea surface temperature (SST)
anomalies (°C) for the week centered on 6
February 2019

18. El Nino Effect
Normal year El Nino year

19. Solar Activity and Earth’s Magnetism
Abiotic C-13 based oil
and gases are being
produced in mantle of
earth
These oil and gases act
as source to fuel
earth’s core
Maintaining the
stability of outer hot
earth core.
Unsustainable human
activity has removed
significant amount of
gases and oil from
earth mantle.
As a result earths
fueling system is
compromised.
This lead to decrease
in earth’s magnetic
field nearly 10 times
faster.
So earth will be pulled
closer to sun, so
increased solar activity
leading global warming
Weak earths magnetism
affects eccentricity of
earth’s orbit
Leading to improper
solar energy
distribution and
extreme weather
conditions.

20. Impact of Global Warming
Extreme events
• Killer heat waves
• Torrential rains and flooding
• Drought
• Forests and wildfires – California
wildfires, July, 2018

21. Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding
•Sea level rise designates the average
long-term global rise of the ocean
surface from the centre of the earth.
•Average global sea level rise per year-
3.2mm.
•As per UN Geo-6: the worst impact of
climate change are projected to occur in
the pacific and southeast Asia.
•India tops the charts with nearly 40
million people at risk.
•Mumbai and Kolkata are projected to
have largest population exposure to
coastal flooding.

22. Snow, Land Ice, Sea Ice
•The northern section of the Larsen B
ice shelf, a large floating ice mass
shattered and separated from the
continent.
Sudden break-up of the Larsen B ice shelf in Antarctica
•long-term monitoring has revealed
that the vast majority of glaciers
are retreating upslope in response to a
warming climate.
•Between 1979 and 1993, Grinnell
Glacier shrank by 22%.
loss of volume and formation of a lake at the
foot of the glacier. (Grinnell Glacier, Montana)

23. Ecological Impacts
•Damage to coral reefs
•Shifting species ranges and yearly
cycles.
•Declining Arctic animal populations
•Declining amphibian populations

24. Global Warming
Mitigation
•Switching to low carbon energy
sources eg renewable and nuclear
energy.
•Expanding forest and sinks to
remove greater amount of
Carbondioxide.
•Adapt to global warming are
actions taken to manage eventual
impacts- by building dikes in
response to sea level.
•Becoming energy efficient – to
remove excess energy load
generated due to leisure activity.

25. Economic consideration has to emphasized while selecting an alternate source of
energy
Contd…
Forestatio
n
Ocean
Sequestration
Renewable
Energy
Fuel Switching among
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear
Power
Energy
Saving
5
10
15
20
25
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090
2100
Year
CO2emissionandreduction(Gtonofcarboneq.)
Energy Saving
Fuel Switching among Fossil
Fuels Nuclear Power
Renewable Energy
Geological Sequestration (Depleted Gas
Well) Geological Sequestration (Aquifer)
Ocean
Sequestration
Forestation
Net CO2 Emission
Geological Sequestration
(Depleted Gas Well)
Geological Sequestration
(Aquifer)
Without CO2 mitigation policy
...
The CO2 emission level is required to stabilize the double of
the pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 concentration (550
ppmv).
EffectiveCO2reductionbythesetechnologies.

26. Kyoto protocol
• International treaty developed proposed by UNFCCC IN 1992
• Adapted in Kyoto , Japan, 1997 and came into force in 2005.
• 192 parties are at present abiding to the protocol.
• First commitment period 2008-2012:
• Reduce developed nation emissions to 5% below 1990 levels during “commitment
period” 2008-2012
• Target apply for 5 GHG emission
– Carbondioxide
– methane
– nitrous oxide
– Sulfur hexa fluoride, HFCs and CFCs
• Doha Agreement- Held at Doha, Qatar
• Second commitment period 2013-2020

27. Kyoto protocol mechanism
1. Emissions trading
– Trade carbon units between Annex 1 countries (flow is from countries
with carbon credits to countries with carbon overshoots)
2. Joint Implementation
– Annex1 countries can invest in a emissions-reduction project in another
– Annex 1 country and receive emissions reduction units (ERU)
3. Clean Development Mechanism
– Annex 1 countries receive ERUs for emissions reductions in developing
countries
– Must certify reductions (they would not have happened without action by
Annex 1)

28. Paris Agreement
• UNFCCC agreement dealing with GHG
emissions mitigations, adaptation and
finance.
• Convention held at Paris, 2015- 195
members.
• Comes into force in 2020
• Long-term goal- to keep the increase in
global temperature to well below 2 degree
Celsius above pre industrial levels.

29. THANK YOU