Helps understand building construction and how water proofing in done in buildings, especially basements.

1. WATER PROOFING
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION REPORT
RIYA BAGCHI
III YEAR – B
D.O.A : 29.10.2015
D.O.S. : 05.11.2015
SHEET NO.
1
WATER PROOFING IS THE METHOD OF CREATING A PROTECTIVE LAYERING AROUND THE BUILDING PREVENTING THE WATER FROM SEEPING INTO THE
BUILDING. WATER PROOFING IN BASEMENTS IS CARRIED OUT SO AS TO PREVENT THE INTRUSION OF FLUIDS OR SMELLS INTO THE BASEMENTS. WATER
INTRUSION DAMAGES STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. THE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF WATERPROOFING ARE SOIL, CONCRETE (BUILDING) AND WATER.
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WATER-RELATED PROBLEMS WHICH CAN OCCUR IN THE BASEMENTS CAN BE SEEN BELOW:
WHY IS WATER PROOFING ESSENTIAL?
THE ABOVE PICTURES SHOW THE PROBLEMS IMPOSED ON BASEMENTS BY FLUID MATTER (GASEOUS + LIQUID) THUS MAKING THE BASEMENTS UNHYGIENIC
AND WEAK.
WATERPROOFING IS ESSENTIAL AT BELOW-GRADE AREAS TO PREVENT WATER INTRUSION AND STRUCTURAL DAMAGE. IT IS GENERALLY DONE WHEN THE
BUILDING IS ON OR BELOW THE GROUND LEVEL. FLOODING, WATER DAMAGE AND MOLDS (HIGH MOISTURE LEVELS LEAD TO MOLDS) ARE MANY OF THE
CAUSES THAT DAMAGE CONSTRUCTION.
DIAGRAM SHOWING THE DIFFERENT TYPE OF LIQUID LEAKAGE/
SEEPAGES IN BASEMENTS
WINDOW SWEAT
HUMIDITY
SUB SURFACE
WATER
STANDING WATER IN BASEMENT WHITEMOLDS IN BASEMENT
ODOUR IN BASEMENTCAUSE OF MOISTURE IN BASEMENT

2. WATERPROOFING RIYA BAGCHI
BASICALLY, THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS:
• POSITIVE SIDE WATER PROOFING SYSTEMS (ATTACKING SIDE)
• NEGATIVE SIDE WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS (DEFENDING SIDE)
THE CHOICE OF WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS TO BE USED DEPENDS ON
THE CONDITIONS OF THE SITE. THERE ARE ALWAS MULTIPLE WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEMS WORKING TOGETHER ON THE SAME SITE FOR ADDITIONAL
PROTECTION.
A THIRD TYPE OF WATERPROOFING SYSTEM IS THE BLIND-SIDE
WATERPROOFING SYSTEM. WITH BLINDSIDE WATERPROOFING, THE DRAINAGE
AND WATERPROOFING MEMBRANES ARE INSTALLED BEFORE THE CONCRETE
STRUCTURE IS POURED. THE CONCRETE OR OTHER WALL MATERIALS ARE PUT
INTO PLACE LATER.
BLINDSIDE IS A VERY DIFFICULT APPLICATION TO WATERPROOF.
• POSITIVE SIDE WATERPROOFING SYSTEM
IT IS THE SAME SIDE OF THE STRUCTURE AS THE SOURCEOF WATER. IT IS
DESIGNED TO STOP THE WATER BEFORE IT GETS A CHANCE TO ENTER THE
STRUCTURE AND DAMAGE IT.
• NEGATIVE SIDE WATERPROOFING SYSTEM
NEGATIVE SIDE IS THE INTERIOR SIDE OPPOSITE THE WATER PRESSURE. IT
IS MOST COMMONLY USED IN:
-REMEDIAL WORK
-ELEVATOR PITS
-TANK LINERS
FIGURE SHOWS HOW WATER PENETRATES INTO CONCRETE
FIGURES EXPLAINING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SIDE WATERPROOFING
2

3. VARIOUS TYPES OF POSITIVE WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS
ARE AS FOLLOWS:
• SHEET MEMBRANE SYSTEM
• LIQUID APPLIED SYSTEM
• CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING
• BOARD / PROTECTION SYSTEM
• DRAINAGE BOARD.
SHEET MEMBRANE SYSTEM
SHEET MEMBRANES ARE GENERALLY OF UNIFORM THICKNESS,
GENERALLY MADE OF RUBBER. THESE ARE BASICALLY U.V. PROTECTED
WATER AND CHEMICAL REPELLENT SHEETS INSTALLED IN THE POSITIVE
SIDE. IT THUS PREVENTS CORROSION TO THE BASEMENT.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SHEET MEMBRANE SYSTEMS:
• COLD APPLIED SYSTEM
• HOT APPLIED SYSTEM
COLD APPLIED SYSTEM: IN THIS SYSTEM, HEATING IS NOT REQUIRED. IT
IS EASY TO APPLY, BUT REQUIRES A LOT OF SKILLS.
COMES IN PARTICULAR SIZES, AND HENCE OVERLAPPING HAS TO BE
DONE. THERE SHOULDN’T BE ANY JOINTS. ASAPHALT IS THE BASIC
COMPONENT.
SHEET MEMBRANE SYSTEMCOLD APPLICATION ON ROOF VALLEY OF A HOUSE
APPLICATION OF SHEET MEMBRANE SYSTEM
WATERPROOFING RIYA BAGCHI 3

4. HOT APPLIED SYSTEM IS WHEN THE SHEET MEMBRANE IS HEATED AND PASTED. IT IS MAJORLY USED IN TERRACCING. ITS BASIC COMPONENT IS
BITUMEN. OVERLAPPING IS VERY LESS IN THIS CASE HENCE IT SAVES MONEY.
THE DISADVANTAGE IS THAT VERTICALAPPLICATION IS DIFFICULT AND MAY CAUSE ACCIDENTS.
PICTURE SHOWING HOT APPLIED SYSTEM
APPLICATION OF HEAT
SHEET MEMBRANE
FEW MORE PICTURES SHOWING THE APPLICATION PROCEDURE.
WATERPROOFING RIYA BAGCHI 4

5. LIQUID APPLIED SYSTEMS
LIQUID APPLIED MEMBRANE (LAM) IS A LOW-VISCOSITY, LIQUID-APPLIED WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE
FOR USE ON HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL SURFACES. LAM IS MOST COMMONLY USED FOR TWO-PLY
FABRIC REINFORCED APPLICATIONS.
FAST CURE, MOISTURE CURE, ELASTOMERIC MATERIAL CURES INTO A SEAMLESS, MONOLITHIC,
RUBBER-LIKE MEMBRANE
VERY LOW ODOR
SOLVENT FREE
CAN BE APPLIED TO GREEN CONCRETE
EXCELLENT ALTERNATIVE TO HOT RUBBBERIZED ASPHALT APPLICATIONS THAT ELIMINATE MANY
LOGISTICALAND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH A HOT SYSTEM.
IT IS A NEGATIVE WATERPROOFING SYSTEM WHICH CAN BE TURNED POSITIVE. IT IS GENERALLY A
THIN LAYER, HENCE MULTIPLE COATING IS DONE.
LIQUID MEMBRANE APPLICATION : ROLLERS
LIQUID MEMBRANE LAYERS SPRAY APPLICATION OF FLUID APPLIED MEMBRANE
TYPICAL BELOW-GRADE APPLICATION DETAILING
FOR FLUID-APPLIED MEMBRANES.
WATERPROOFING RIYA BAGCHI 5

6. CEMENTITIOUS APPLIED SYSTEMS
THESE ARE GENERALLY ADMIXTURE BASED OR CRYSTALLINE BASED.
IT IS A WATERPROOFING COMPOUND FOR GREEN CONCRETE.
CEMENTITIOUS PRODUCTS ARE PROBABLY THE EASIEST WATERPROOFING MATERIALS TO USE.
THEY'RE READILY AVAILABLE FROM SUPPLIERS OF MASONRY PRODUCTS, AND THEY'RE EASY TO
MIX AND APPLY.
THE CHIEF DISADVANTAGE IS THAT CEMENTITIOUS PRODUCTS HAVE NO GIVE TO THEM
PROBABLY BECAUSE CEMENT JUST DOESN'T STRETCH TO ANY DEGREE WORTH MENTIONING.
THEY WILL STAND UP FINE TO A HEAD OF WATER, BUT WILL TOLERATE ALMOST NO JOINT OR
CRACK MOVEMENT.
LIQUID CEMENTITIOUS APPLICATIONBLOCK CAVITY WALL WATERPROOFING USING
CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING.
SPRAY APPLICATION OF CEMENTITIOUS COATING
APPLICATION OF CEMEMTITIOUS COATING.
WATERPROOFING RIYA BAGCHI 6

7. BOARD PROTECTION SYSTEM (BLIND SIDE WATERPROOFING)
PROTECTION COURSE (VIBRAFLEX PC) WATERPROOFING PROTECTION BOARD IS A
SEMI-FLEXIBLE CORE BOARD COMPOSED OF A MINERAL-FORTIFIED ASPHALTIC
CORE BETWEEN TWO OUTSIDE LAYERS OF ASPHALT-IMPREGNATED FIBREGLASS
MAT. THE PRODUCT IS AVAILABLE IN TWO NOMINAL THICKNESSES: 3.2 MM (1/8″) AND
6.4 MM (1/4″).
USES
PROTECTION COURSE (VIBRAFLEX PC) IS USED FOR PROTECTION OF
WATERPROOFING MEMBRANES FROM DAMAGE BY BACKFILL OR CONSTRUCTION
TRAFFIC. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS INCLUDE PLAZA DECKS, ROOF TERRACES,
PROMENADE DECKS, PEDESTRIAN CONCOURSES, TUNNELS, PARKING GARAGE
DECKS, PLANTER BOXES AND FOUNDATION WALLS.
THICKNESS OF THE BOARDS DEPENDS ON THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE.
PICTURE OF A PROTECTION BOARD ATTACHED TO THE CONSTRUCTION AREA.
WATERPROOFING USING PROTECTION BOARD
WATERPROOFING RIYA BAGCHI 7

8. DIMPLE BOARD
THESE ARE ONE OF THE MOST VERSATILE AND EFFECTIVE DRAINAGE PRODUCTS ON
THE MARKET. INVENTED IN THE MID-1960S, TODAY THEY ARE MADE BY MORE THAN A
DOZEN DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS, AND CAN BE USED FOR NEARLY EVERY
DRAINAGE SITUATION IMAGINABLE.
DIMPLED DRAIN SHEETS ARE USED ON EVERYTHING FROM SMALL RESIDENTIAL
BASEMENTS TO ENORMOUS COMMERCIAL PROJECTS EXTENDING 50 FEET BELOW
GRADE. THEY CAN EVEN BE USED HORIZONTALLY.
THEY CAN BE USED FOR WATERPROOFING IN BASEMENTS, OR EVEN FOR
TERRACING.
WATERPROOFING RIYA BAGCHI 8
DIMPLE BOARDS USED FOR TERRACING
DRAINAGE IN A DIMPLE BOARD
(EXPLAINED IN THE NEXT SHEET)
PARTS OF A DIMPLE BOARD
DIMPLE BOARDS

9. BOARD DRAINAGE
WATERPROOFING RIYA BAGCHI 8
FIGURE SHOWING HOW DRAINAGE TAKES PLACE WHILE USING WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE
VARIOUS SUMPS AND PUMPS ARE ADDED TO THE BASEMENTS. THE WATER FROM THE MEMBRANES (DIMPLE BOARD) COLLECTS INTO THE
PERFORATED PIPES AND HENCE DRAINAGE IS CARRIED OUT USING THESE PUMPS.
SMALL CHANNELS ARE ALSO INSTALLED IN THE BASEMENTS.

10. SURFACE AFTER CRYSTALLINE WATERPROOFING
CEMENTITIOUS CAPILLARY CRYSTALLINE WATERPROOF COATING
WATERPROOFING RIYA BAGCHI 9
VARIOUS TYPES OF NEGATIVE WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS
ARE AS FOLLOWS:
• CRYSTALLINE CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEMS
• FLEXIBLE CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEMS (FOR MINUTE CRACKS)
• FLUID APPLIED SYSTEM..
CRYSTALLINE CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEM
CEMENT-BASED CAPILLARY CRYSTALLINE WATERPROOFING COATING
(CCCW), WHICH IS IN THE FORM OF GRAY POWDER, IS COMPOSED OF
ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT AS BASE MATERIAL AND ACTIVE
CHEMICALS. CARRIED BY WATER, THE ACTIVE CHEMICALS PENETRATE
INTO CONCRETE SUBSTRATE AND REACT WITH UNHYDRATED CEMENT
GRANULES TO PRODUCE INSOLUBLE CRYSTALS, WHICH BLOCK THE
CAPILLARY CHANNELS IN CONCRETE, MAKING THE CONCRETE ITSELF
BECOME WATERPROOF. WHEN SMALL CRACKS DEVELOP IN THE
CONCRETE SUBSTRATE DUE TO INTERNAL STRESS OR EXTERNAL
FORCE, AS ALONG AS THERE IS WATER, THE ABOVE MENTIONED
REACTION WILL HAPPEN AGAIN AND THE CRYSTALS PRODUCED WILL FILL
THE CRACKS, REALIZING SELF-REPAIR.

11. ALONGSIDE IMAGE SHOWING A SMALL
SAMPLE OF FLEXIBLE WATERPROOFING SYSTEM
WATERPROOFING RIYA BAGCHI 10
FLEXIBLE CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEMS
IT IS A POLYMER MODIFIED CEMENTITIOUS COATING. IT CAN BE APPLIED
EITHER ON THE POSITIVE OR THE NEGATIVE SIDE USING A BRUSH OR
SPRAY. IT HELPS TO FILL UP CRACKS.
FLEXIBLE CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING PRODUCTS ARE TWO
COMPONENT BRUSHABLE SLURRIES OR TROWELABLE MORTARS WITH
EXCEPTIONAL FLEXIBILITY DESTINED TO SOLVE SOME CHRONIC AND
THORNY PROBLEMS IN THE WATERPROOFING INDUSTRY.
ADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING PRODUCTS
- AMPLE FLEXIBILITY TO BRIDGE CRACKS – EXISTING AND FUTURE
- CAN WITHSTAND NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE PRESSURES
- HAVE EXCELLENT WATERPROOFING PROPERTIES
- ARE EASY TO MIX AND USE
- CAN DIRECTLY ACCEPT TILES OR WATER BASED PAINTS.
-CAN BE COMBINED WITH VARIOUS REINFORCEMENTS FOR
PROPRIETARY SOLUTION
FLEXIBLE WATERPROOFING SYSTEM: APPLICATION USING A BRUSH
SPRAY WATERPROOFING