1. Module 1- Overview
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
• Two party & Multi party system- Notes given already in last
semester
Coalition Politics- A coalition government is a cabinet of
parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate. The usual
reason given for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve
a majority in the parliament. A coalition government might also be created in a
time of national difficulty or crisis, for example during wartime, or economic
crisis, to give a government the high degree of perceived political legitimacy, or
[collective ideology] it desires whilst also playing a role in diminishing internal
political strife. In such times, parties have formed all-party coalitions (national
unity governments, grand coalitions). If a coalition collapses, a confidence
vote is held or a motion of no confidence is taken.
Examples-
A. UPA- United Progressive Alliance. The United Progressive
Alliance (UPA) is a ruling coalition of center-left political parties heading
the government of India. The coalition is led by theIndian National
Congress (INC), which is currently the single largest political party in
the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the parliament of India). ThePrime
Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, and the Council of Ministers are
drawn from members of the UPA. INC's President, Sonia Gandhi, serves
as the Chairwoman of the UPA.
B. Parties under the UPA coalition
 Indian National Congress led by Sonia Gandhi (All India)
 All India Trinamool Congress led by Mamata Banerjee (West Bengal)
 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam led by M. Karunanidhi (Tamil Nadu)
 Nationalist Congress Party led by Sharad Pawar (Maharashtra)
 All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
 Indian Union Muslim League led by E. Ahmed
 Kerala Congress (Mani) (Kerala) led by Jose. K. Mani
 Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) led by Pravash Ghosh (WB)
 Jammu & Kashmir National Conference led by Farooq Abdullah (Jammu &
Kashmir)
 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) led by Babulal Marandi (Jharkhand)

2. C. NDA- The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) is a centre-
right coalition of political parties in India led by the Bharatiya Janata
Party (BJP) and had thirteen constituent parties at the time of its
formation in 1998. Its convenor is Sharad Yadav, and its honorary
chairman is former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Also
representing the alliance are Sushma Swaraj, a former home
minister; Arun Jaitley, leader of the opposition in the Rajya Sabha;
and Karia Munda, the deputy speaker in the Lok Sabha.
Bhartiya Janata Party
Shiv Sena
Janata Dal (United)
Shiromani Akali Dal
Indian National Lok Dal
Rashtriya Lok Dal
Nagaland People's Front
Mizo National Front
D. THIRD FRONT
Third front, launched in March 2009, is a coalition of Left and major regional
parties in India vowing to defeat the Congress-led UPA and the Bharatiya
Janata Party-led NDA in general elections and form the union government. The
formation was said to address the “country’s need for a new alternative.”
The parties that united to form the Third front are Communist Party of India
(Marxist), the Communist Party of India, the Janata Dal (Secular), the Telugu
Desam Party, the Bahujan Samaj Party, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam, the Telangana Rashtra Samithi, the Revolutionary Socialist Party,
the Forward Bloc, and the Janhit Congress Party of the former Haryana Chief
Minister, Bhajan Lal.
• Parliamentary Vs Presidential form of government- Notes already
given in last semester
• Federal & Unitary(Centralized)Governent- Notes already given in last
semester

3. • Criminalization of Politics- Notes already given in last semester
• Bad conduct of members during legislative sessions- Discussed in the
class. Refer to case studies like Cash for question, cash for vote,
Women’s Reservation bill- All those situations when members behaved
poorly while conduct of sessions.
• Naxalism- Notes already given in last semester
Separatist- Separatism is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal,
religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group.
While it often refers to full political secession, separatist groups may seek
nothing more than greater autonomy. Some groups refer to their organizing as
independence, self-determination, partition or decolonization movements
instead of, or in addition to, autonomist, separatist or secession movements.
While some critics may equate separatism and religious segregation, racial
segregation or sexual segregation, separatists argue that separation by choice
is not the same as government-enforced segregation and may serve useful
purposes.
Groups may have one or more motivations for separation,
 emotional resentment of rival communities
 protection from ethnic cleansing and genocide
 justified resistance by victims of oppression, including denigration of their
language, culture or religion
 propaganda by those who hope to gain politically from intergroup conflict
and hatred
 the economic and political dominance of one group that does not share
power and privilege in an egalitarian fashion
 economic motivations: seeking to end economic exploitation by more
powerful group or, conversely, to escape economic redistribution from a
richer to a poorer group
 preservation of threatened religious, language or other cultural tradition
 destabilization from one separatist movement giving rise to others
 geopolitical power vacuum from breakup of larger states or empires
 continuing fragmentation as more and more states break up.
 feeling that the perceived nation was added to the larger state by illegitimate
means

4.  the perception that the state can no longer support one's own group or has
betrayed their interests
Types of separatist group
Religious
Ethnic
Racial
Gender
ALL THE BEST