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低压气体定律:
(1)玻义尔定律(R. Boyle,1662):
pV = 常数 (n,T 一定) — 恒温方程
(2)盖⋅吕萨克定律(J. Gay-Lussac,1808):
V/T = 常数 (n,p 一定) — 恒压方程
(3)阿伏加德罗定律(A. Avogadro,1811):
V/n = 常数 (T, p 一定) — 恒温恒压方程
第一章 气体的pVT关系
-1-
1. 理想气体状态方程
§1.1 理想气体状态方程
理想气体定义:任何温度、任何压力下均符合状
态方程的气体。
-2-
pV = nRT
其中: p-气体压力,Pa; V-气体体积,m3;
T-系统温度,K; n-物质的量,mol;
R-摩尔气体常数
R = 8.314510 ≈ 8.315 Pa·m3·mol-1·K-1
= 8.315 J ·mol-1 ·K-1
理想气体状态方程:
理想状态方程其它形式:
(1) 已知气体质量m、摩尔质量M、密度ρ,利用:
n = m / M, ρ = m / V
pV=(m /M)RT; p =ρ RT / M
-3-
pVm= RT
Vm=V / n —摩尔体积,m3/mol;
(2)
根据理想气体状态方程各种形式可相互计算 p,
V, T, n, m, M, ρ (= m/V), Vm。
例:用管道输送天然气,当输送压力为200 kPa,
温度为25℃时,管道内天然气的密度为多少?假设
天然气可看作是纯甲烷。
解: M甲烷 = 16.04×10-3 kg ·mol-1
3
3
3
3
m
kg
294
.
1
m
kg
)
15
.
273
25
(
315
.
8
10
04
.
16
10
200
−
−
−
⋅
=
⋅
+
×
×
×
×
=
=
=
=
RT
pM
V
M
V
m
ρ
m
-4-
2. 理想气体模型
(1) 分子间力
吸引力:
排斥力:
分子相距较远时,有范德华引力;
分子相距较近时,电子云及核产生排斥作用。
式中:A- 吸引常数;B- 排斥常数
E排斥 ∝ 1/r12; E吸引 ∝ -1/r 6
Lennard-Jones理论:
-5-
(2) 理想气体模型特征:
 分子本身无体积。
 分子间无相互作用力;
(低压气体)p→ 0 ≈ 理想气体
12
6
排斥
吸引
总
r
B
r
A
E
E
E +
−
=
+
=
3. 摩尔气体常数 R
R 是通过实验测定确定出来的:
p→0时,数据不易测准,R的测
定可采用外推法。
例:测300 K时,N2、He、CH4
pVm ~ p 关系,作图
p→0时:
pVm=2494.35 J⋅mol-1
R = pVm/T = 8.3145 J⋅mol⋅K-1
在压力趋于0的极限条件下,各种气体的行为均服从pVm=RT
的定量关系,所以R是一个对各种气体都适用的常数。
-6-
§1.2 理想气体混合物
1. 混合物的组成
(1) 摩尔分数 x 或 y
显然 ∑xB=1或 ∑yB=1
习惯上,气体混合物的摩尔分数一般用 yB 表示;液体混合
物的摩尔分数一般用 xB 表示。
def
B B B A
A
( )
x y n n
∑
或 ==
(2) 质量分数wB
def
B B A
A
w m m
∑
==
显然 ∑wB=1
-7-
(3) 体积分数 ϕB
为混合前(恒温恒压混合)纯物质的摩尔体积
*
m,B
V
显然 ∑ϕB=1
2. 理想气体状态方程对理想气体混合物的应用
因理想气体分子间没有相互作用,分子本身又不占体积,
所以理想气体的 pVT 性质与气体的种类无关,因而一种理
想气体的部分分子被另一种理想气体分子置换,形成的混
合理想气体,其pVT 性质并不改变,只是理想气体状态方
程中的 n 此时为总的物质的量。
-8-
def
* * * *
B B m,B A m,A B A
A A
x V x V V V
ϕ =
∑ ∑
== ( )
所以有
及
混合物平均摩尔质量定义为:
-9-
式中:m  混合物的总质量
Mmix  混合物的平均摩尔质量
RT
M
m
pV
mix
=
RT
n
nRT
pV
B
B 





=
= ∑
n
m
n
m
M
B
B
B
B
mix =
=
∑
∑
def
B B B
m n M
= ⋅
根据 又有: ∑
=
B
B
B
mix M
y
M )
(
3. 道尔顿定律
混合气体(包括理想的和非理想的)的分压定义:
式中:pB  B气体的分压,p  混合气体的总压。
def
B B
p y p
==
 ∑yB = 1, ∴ p = ∑pB
即理想混合气体的总压等于各组分单独存在于混合气体的T、
V 时产生的压力总和(恒温恒容混合)。  道尔顿分压定律
混合理想气体:
( )
B
B B
B B B
B
B
RT RT n RT
p n n p
V V V
n RT
p
V
= = = =
∴ =
∑ ∑ ∑

-10-
例:今有300K,104.365kPa的湿烃类混合气体(含水蒸气的烃类混
合气体),其中水蒸气的分压为3.167kPa。现欲得到除去水蒸气的
1kmol干烃类混合气体,试求:
(1) 应从湿烃混合气中除去水蒸气的物质的量;
(2) 所需湿烃类混合气体的初始体积。
(2) 所求湿烃类混合气体的初始体积V
( )
A B 3 3
3
A B
31.30 8.315 300
m 24.65m
3.167 10
nRT n RT n RT
V
p p p
× ×
= = = = =
×
A B 101.198 kPa
p p p
= − =
pB = 3.167 kPa,
由公式
B
B B
B
n
p y p p
n
= =
∑
B
B A
A
3.167
1000 mol 31.30 mol
101.198
p
n n
p
= = × =
解:(1) 设湿烃类混合气体中烃类混合气(A)和水蒸气(B)的分压分
别为pA和pB,物质的量分别为nA和nB ,有:
B B
A A
n p
n p
=
可得:
-11-
4. 阿马格定律
理想气体混合物的总体积V 为各组分分体积VB
*之和:
V=∑VB
*
B
B
B *
B
B B
( ) /
V nRT / p n RT p
n RT
V
p
= =
 
= =
 
 
∑
∑ ∑
由
其中,
B
*
B
n RT
V
p
=
即:理想气体混合物的总体积V 等于各组分B在相同温度T及
总压p条件下占有的分体积VB
*之和。  阿马格定律
-12-
定律表明理想气体混合物的体积具有加和性,在相同温度、
压力下,混合后的总体积等于混合前各组分的体积之和。
二定律结合可有:
*
B B B
B
n p V
y
n p V
= = =
道尔顿定律和阿马格定律严格讲只适用于理想气体混合物,
对于低压下的真实气体混合物也可近似适用。
压力较高时,分子间的相互作用不可忽略,且混合前后气体
体积大多会发生变化;同时混合气体中分子间的相互作用不
同于同种分子,情况会更复杂,这时道尔顿定律和阿马加定
律均不再适用,需引入偏摩尔量的概念,有关内容将在第四
章中详细介绍。
-13-
§1.3 气体的液化及临界参数
1. 液体的饱和蒸气压
理想气体:不液化(因分子间没有相互作用力);
实际气体:可液化。
气液平衡时:
气体称为饱和蒸气;
液体称为饱和液体;
压力称为饱和蒸气压。
图:气-液平衡示意图
-14-
在某一定T 时,气液可共存达到平衡。
 饱和蒸汽压是由物质本性决定的;
表1.3.1:水、乙醇和苯在不同温度下的饱和蒸气压
 饱和蒸气压=外压时的温度称为沸点,饱和蒸气压=101.325
kPa时的温度称为正常沸点。
H2O 乙醇 苯
t / ℃ p*/ kPa t / ℃ p*/ kPa t / ℃ p*/ kPa
20 2.338 20 5.671 20 9.9712
40 7.376 40 17.395 40 24.411
60 19.916 60 46.008 60 51.993
80 47.343 78.4 101.325 80.1 101.325
100 101.325 100 222.48 100 181.44
120 198.54 120 422.35 120 308.11
-15-
 对于同一物质饱和蒸气压是温度的函数,饱和蒸汽压随温
度升高急速增大;
T一定时(pB
*为饱和蒸汽压):
如 pB < pB
*,B液体蒸发为气体至pB = pB
*;
pB > pB
*,B气体凝结为液体至pB = pB
*
(注:此规律不受其它气体存在的影响)
相对湿度的概念:相对湿度 =
2
2
H O
H O
100%
p
p∗ ×
空气中
-16-
例如,冬季干燥,夏季闷湿:冬季相对湿度较低,50%以
下,液体水易变为水蒸气;夏季相对湿度较高,可达90%,
液体水不易变为水蒸气。
此外,固体也有饱和蒸汽压,固体升华为蒸汽,蒸汽凝华
为固体。
2. 临界参数
 实验证明:存在Tc,当T>Tc 时,液相消失,加压不再可
使气体液化;使气体能够液化所允许的最高温度称为临界
温度Tc。
 由于临界温度以上不再有液体存在,因此, p*=f (T) 曲
线终止于临界温度;临界温度Tc时的饱和蒸气压称为临界
压力pc:在临界温度下使气体液化所需的最低压力。
由表1.3.1可知:p*=f (T);T ↑,p*↑
 临界摩尔体积Vm,c:在Tc、pc下物质的摩尔体积。
-17-
 临界温度、临界压力下的状态称为临界状态;Tc、pc、
Vm,c统称为物质的临界参数。
3. 真实气体的 p-Vm 图及气体的液化
-18-
1 mol 气体: f ( p, Vm, T ) = 0
常用作图法描述:
固定1个变量,作另两变量间的曲线。
理想气体: T定,pVm=RT=常数,p - Vm 双曲线
实际气体: p - Vm关系如何?
以CO2 的恒温线为例。
一般:恒T,作 p -Vm 曲线,称恒温线图
40 80 120 160 200 240 280
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
d
a
D
B
C
A
13.1℃
21.5℃
30.98℃
48.1℃
p
/
MPa
Vm
/ cm3
(1) T > Tc
图:CO2 的 p - Vm恒温线示意图
c
(2) T < Tc
(3) T = Tc
临界点
饱和蒸汽压
tc = 30.98 ℃
pc = 7.39 MPa
Vm,c= 95.7 cm3·mol-1
临界参数:
-19-
临界参数的求取方法:
Tc是实际气体的重要参数,可以利用数学拐点性质求取。
设状态方程 p = p (T, Vm) ,在临界点(T=Tc,p=pc)有:
(∂2p/∂Vm
2)T = 0
(∂p/∂Vm)T = 0
p - Vm图
临界点
p
Vm
O
-20-
§1.4 真实气体状态方程 (自学)
1. 真实气体的 pVm-p图及波义尔温度
T一定时,不同气体
的pVm-p曲线有三种
类型。
300 K
-21-
图:气体在不同温度下的
pVm – p示意图
T>TB: p ↑, pVm ↑
T=TB: p ↑,pVm开始不变,然后增加
T<TB : p ↑, pVm先下降,然后增加
TB为波义尔温度,定义为:
B
m
0
( )
lim 0
p
T
pV
p
→
∂
  =
 
∂
 
-22-
同一种气体在不同温度的pVm-p曲线亦有三种类型。
 每种气体有自己的波义尔温度;
 TB一般为Tc 的2 ~ 2.5 倍;
 T =TB 时,气体在几百kPa的压力
范围内符合理想气体状态方程。
2. 范德华方程
(1) 范德华方程
理想气体状态方程 pVm=RT 的实质为:
(分子间无相互作用力的气体的压力) × (1mol气体分子的自
由活动空间) = RT
而实际气体:
1) 由于分子间有相互作用力
器
壁
内部分子 靠近器壁的分子
靠近器壁的分子受到内部的引力
-23-
分子间相互作用减弱了分
子对器壁的碰撞,所以:
p = p理 - p内
(p为气体的实际压力)
p内= a/Vm
2
p理= p + p内= p + a/Vm
2
2) 由于分子本身占有体积
1 mol 真实气体的自由空间=(Vm - b)
b:1 mol 分子自身所占体积
将修正后的压力和体积项引入理想气体状态方程:
式中:a , b  范德华常数,见附表(附录七)
 范德华方程
( )
m
2
m
a
p V b RT
V
 
+ − =
 
 
p → 0 , Vm → ∞, 范德华方程 ⇒ 理想气体状态方程
-24-
范德华方程适合压力为几十个大气压的中压条件下的
实际气体。
(2) 范德华常数与临界常数的关系
临界点时有:
c c
2
2
m m
0 , 0
T T
p p
V V
∂ ∂
 
 
= =
   
∂ ∂
   
将 Tc 温度时的 p-Vm关系以范德华方程表示:
c
2
m m
RT a
p
V b V
= −
−
对其进行一阶、二阶求导,并令其导数为0,有:
( )c
c
2 3
m m m
2
0
( )
T
p RT a
V V b V
∂ −
= +
=
∂ − ( )c
2
c
2 3 4
m m m
2 6
0
( )
T
p RT a
V V b V
∂
= −
=
∂ −
-25-
二式联立求解,可得: 2
c
c
m,c
27
,
27
8
,
3
b
a
p
Rb
a
T
b
V =
=
=
一般以Tc、pc 求算 a 、b:
2 2
c c
c c
27
,
64 8
R T RT
a b
p p
= =
(3) 范德华方程的应用
临界温度以上:范德华方程与实验p-Vm等温线符合较好;
临界温度以下:气-液共存区,范德华方程计算出现一极大
值,一极小值。
T ↑,极大值、极小值逐渐靠拢;
T→Tc,极大值、极小值合并成拐
点c;
S型曲线两端线段有过饱和蒸气
(g1V1)和过热液体(l1V1′) 的含义。
图:真实气体p-Vm等温线
示意图
-26-
第一章小结
本章主要介绍了描述理想气体pVT性质的状态方程。
 理想气体是用于理论研究时的抽象气体,它假定气体分子
间没有相互作用、气体分子本身不占有体积。压力极低下的
真实气体可近似作为理想气体处理。
 理想气体混合物符合道尔顿分压定律和阿马格分体积定律。
真实气体由于分之间具有相互作用,分子本身占有体积,
故真实气体会发生液化(饱和蒸气压的概念),并具有临界
性质,真实气体pVT之间的关系往往偏离理想气体的行为。
描述真实气体pVT关系的状态方程多是在理想气体状态方程
的基础上修正得到的,例如范德华方程。
-27-
第一章作业
p30-31, 1.7, 1.8, 1.13

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