Tuberculosis

1. TUBERCULOSIS
RINI JOSEPH
152ZO019

2. HISTORY
Tuberculosis has a long, rich history, dating back as far as
Ancient Egypt, with evidence of its presence found in the
preserved spines of Egyptian mummies.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, a tuberculosis epidemic rampaged
throughout Europe and North America, before the German
microbiologist Robert Koch discovered the microbial causes of
tuberculosis in 1882.
Following Koch's discovery, the development of vaccines and effective drug
treatment led to the belief that the disease was almost defeated. Indeed, at
one point the United Nations, predicted that tuberculosis (TB) would be
eliminated worldwide by 2025.
However, in the mid-80s, TB cases began to rise once more in the US and
worldwide, so much so that in 1993 the World Health Organization (WHO)
declared that TB was a global emergency; the first time that a disease had
been labelled as such.
Proper treatment almost all cases of tuberculosis are curable. Cases of TB have
decreased in the US since 1993, but the disease remains a concern.

3. TB is an Infectious disease affects the lungs .
It is the second greatest killer due to a single infectious agent
worldwide,
in 2012, 1.3 million people died from the disease, with 8.6
million falling ill.
TB usually affects the lungs, although it can spread to other
organs around the body.
TB affects all age groups and all parts of the world.
However, the disease mostly affects young adults, and people
living in developing countries. In 2012, 80% of reported TB cases
occurred in just 22 countries.
TUBERCULOSIS

4. Doctors make a distinction between two kinds of tuberculosis
infection: latent and active.
In latent TB, the TB bacteria remain in the body in an inactive
state.
They cause no symptoms and are not contagious, but they can
become active.
In active TB, the bacteria do cause symptoms and can be
transmitted to others.
About one-third of the world's population is believed to have
latent TB.
There is a 10% chance of latent TB becoming active TB,
but this risk is much higher in people who have compromised
immune systems i.e. people living with HIV or malnutrition, or
people who smoke.
TYPES

5. EFFECTED LUNGS

6. There is a difference between TB
“infection” and TB “disease”
TB infection:TB germs stay in your lungs, but
they do not multiply or make you sick
# You cannot pass TB germs to others.
TB disease: TB germs stay in your lungs or
move to other parts of your body, multiply,
and make you sick
# You can pass the TB germs to other
people.

7. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis , bacterium
causes TB.
The condition is spread when a person with an
active TB infection in their lungs ,coughs or
sneezes and someone else inhales the
expelled droplets, which contain TB bacteria.
Most people with active TB who have
received appropriate treatment for at least
two weeks are no longer contagious.
CAUSES

8. Since, antibiotics began to be used to fight TB,
some strains have become resistant to drugs.
Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) arises when an
antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria that it
targets, with the surviving bacteria developing
resistance to that antibiotic and often others at
the same time.
MDR-TB is treatable and curable only with the
use of very specific anti-TB drugs, which are
often limited or not readily available. In 2012,
around 450,000 people developed MDR-TB

10. MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

11. Cough (2-3 weeks or more)
Coughing up blood
Chest pains
Fever
Night sweats
Feeling weak and tired
Losing weight without trying
Decreased or no appetite
If have TB outside the lungs, have may
have other symptoms.
SYMPTOMS

13. UBERCULOSIS GERMSSPREADING

14. TB germs are passed through the air when a person
who is sick with TB disease coughs, sings, sneezes,
or laughs
To become infected with TB germs, a person usually
needs to share air space with someone sick with TB
disease (e.g., live, work, or play together)
The amount of time, the environment, and how
sick the person is all contribute to whether or not
you get infected
In most cases, body is able to fight off the germs
SPREADING

15. People with compromised immune systems are most at
risk of developing active tuberculosis.
HIV suppresses the immune system, making it harder for
the body to control TB bacteria. People who are infected
with both HIV and TB are around 20-30% more likely to
develop active TB than those who do not have HIV.
Tobacco use has also been found to increase the risk of
developing active TB. Over 20% of TB cases worldwide are
related to smoking.
RISKS

16. Tuberculosis is diagnosed by finding Mycobacterium
tuberculosis bacteria in a clinical specimen taken from
the patient. While other investigations may strongly
suggest tuberculosis as the diagnosis, they cannot
confirm it.
A complete medical evaluation for tuberculosis (TB) must
include a medical history, a physical examination, a chest
X-ray and microbiological examination (of sputum or
some other appropriate sample). It may also include
a tuberculin skin test, other scans and X-rays, surgical
biopsy.
DIAGNOSIS