Group I hormones alter gene expression by binding to intracellular receptors and activating or inhibiting genes. Group II hormones bind to membrane receptors and use intracellular messengers like cyclic AMP, calcium ions, or kinases to exert their effects. The pituitary gland produces several hormones including growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH which regulate processes like growth, lactation, thyroid function, reproduction, and stress response. The adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and androgens which regulate processes like electrolyte balance, glucose metabolism, immune function, and sexual development.
2. HORMONE ORGANIC SUBSTANCE PRODUCED BY ENDOCRINE GLAND
SITE OF ACTIVITY HORMONE :
TARGET CELL or TARGET ORGAN
1. AUTOCRINE TISSUE
. H. TESTOSTERON; H. OESTROGEN
2. PARACRINE TISSUE
NEEDS RECEPTOR / MEDIATOR
3. RECEPTORE :
• HORMONE BIND RECEPTOR OF TARGET CELL
• RECEPTORE ARE PROTEIN
• RECEPTORE CAN CONFLUENCE ACTIVITY OF HORMONE
• HORMONES HAS ONE OR MANY RECEPTORES
3
4. CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES BY MECHANISM OF ACTION :
1. HORMONES THAT BIND TO INTRACELLULAR RECEPTOR S :
STEROID HORMONE, THYROID HORMONE. CALCITRIOL
2. HORMONES THAT BIND TO SURFACE RECEPTORS :
II.1. THE SECOND MESSENGER IS c AMP
-. H. ADENOHIPOFISE -. H. HIPOFISE POSTERIOR
-. MSH; etc
II.2. THE SECOND MESSENGER ARE Ca++ / FOSFATIDIL INOSITOL
: ASETIL KOLIN, GASTRIN, VASOPRESIN, ADH
OKSITOSIN.
II.3. SECOND MESSNGER IS KINASE atau PHOSPHATE :
GROWTH HORMONE, PROLAKTIN, INSULIN
MEDIATOR IS CALLED SECOND MESSENGER
4
HORMONE IS CALLED FIRST MESSENGER
5. MEKANISME KERJA HORMON :
KELOMPOK I : HORMON DALAM SEL IKATAN
DENGAN RESEPTOR KOMPLEKS H-R
AKTIVASI IKATAN DENGAN GENE
atau DNA HRE SINTESA PROTEIN
atau TRANSKRIPSI
KELOMPOK II : HORMON MENEMPEL & BERIKATAN
DENGAN RESEPTOR MEDIATOR :
cAMP, Fosfatidil Inositol, Ca++
FUNGSI FISIOLOGIS JARINGAN SASARAN
5
32. GH EFFECT :
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INCREASE
ANTAGONIZE INSULIN EFFECT
RELEASE FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL FROM
ADIPOSE
RETENSION OF NATRIUM KALIUM AND CHLORIDE
STIMULATE LACTOGENESIS
37. TSH, FSH, LH : CONSISTS OF TWO SUBUNIT : AND
Alfa subunit are same, beta subunit are different
WORKS THROUGH THEIR RECEPTOR AND ACTIVATION OF
ADEYLIL CYCLASE INCREASE OF cAMP
38. GONADOTROPIN (FSH, LH)
RESPONSIBLE FOR GAMETOGENESIS STEROIDOGENESIS
IN THE GONAD
FSH
TARGET : OVARIUM : FOLLICULAR CELLS
TESTES : SERTOLI CELLS
LH
TARGET : CORPUS LUTEUM, PRODUCE PROGRESTERON
LEYDIG CELLS, PRODUCE TESTOSTERON
45. METABOLISME YODIDA dalam FOLIKEL TIROID
RUANG FOLIKULER
DIT DIT
Oksid Perangk
asi Iodinasi MIT MIT T3 T4
I+ + Tgb
aian
Peroksidase DIT Tgb DIT DIT Tgb DIT
H2O2 MIT MIT MIT T4
DIT DIT
I-
O2 Pagositosis &
Tgb
NADPH NADP+ H+ Pinositosis
LISOSOM
Tgb
TIROSIN Lisosom
Tgb sekunder
I-
MIT Hidrolisa
I- DIT
POMPA YOD Kosentrasi * T3 & T4
Na-K ATPase Pelepasan
RUANG EKSTRASELULER T3 & T4
45
I-
46.
47. PRECURSOR OF T3 AND T4 : THYROGLOBULIN
PRODUCED BY FOLLICULAR CELLS OF THYROID GLAND
PRODUCTION STIMULATED BY TSH
PROTEIN 660 KDA, 5000 AMINO ACID
CONTAIN 115 TYROSINE RESIDUES FOR IODINATION
T4:T3 RATIO IN THYROBLOBULIN : 7:1
IOD DEFISIENSI : RATIO T4:T3 DECREASE
48. IODIDE METABOLISM
-CONCENTRATION OF IODIDE : IOD PUMP
-OXIDATION OF IODIDE : I- TO I+
-IODINATION OF TYROSINE : 3 AND 5 POSITION
-COUPLING OF IODOTYROSIS : DIT+DIT : T4
MIT+DIT : T3
49. THYROID HORMONE ARE TRANSPORTED BY THYROID-BINDING GLOBULIN
TBG : THYROXIN-BINDING GLOBULIN
GLICOPROTEIN, 50 KDA 100X AFFINITY OF TBPA, NONCOVALEN
BINDS T3 AND T4 100 TIMES AFFINITY TO TBPA
MORE IMPORTANT THAN TBPA
PRODUCE IN THE LIVER
STIMULATES BY ESTROGEN (PREGNANT AND PILS)
DECREASE DURING ANDROGEN OR GLUCOCORTICOID TX
50.
51. ONLY SMALL AMOUNT OF FREE T3 AND T4
FREE T3 T4 : IMPORTANT FOR BIOLOGIC ACTIONS
RATIO T3:T4 IN BLOOD PLASMA: 1:1
80% T4 CONVERTED TO T3 IN CIRCULATION
(DEIODINATION)
T3 BINDS RECEPTOR 10 TIMES OF T4
T3 MORE IMPORTANT FOR BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY
53. ELEVATED TSH :
CAUSED BY :
IODIDE DEFICIENCY
IODIDE EXESS
IODIDE TRANSPORT DEFECT
IODINATION DEFEXT
COUPLING DEFECT
DEIODINASI DEFICIENCY
PRODUCTION OF ABNORMAL IODINATION PROTEIN
55. ADRENAL HORMONE
MEDULA H. KATEKOLAMIN
ADRENAL
MINERALO-
GLAND 1. ZONA GLOMERULOSA
CORTICOID H.
CORTEX 2. ZONA FASICULATA
-HGLUCOCOR-
3. ZONA RETICULARIS TICOID H.
-ANDROGEN H.
CORTEX ADRENALIS
CORTICOSTEROID H. : 1. GLUCOCORTIKCOID
2. MINERALOCORTIKCOID
3. ANDROGEN ( SEX HORMON E) 55
56. CORE OF STEROID SIKLO PENTANO PERHIDRO PENENTREN
( 17 ATOM C )
12 17
11 13 16
C D
1 9 14 15 21 C C C C
2 10 8 20 C OHC C
OH
3 A 5 B 7 18
C
4 6
CH2 19
C=O
CHOLESTEROL
HO
HO
56
PREGNENOLON
72. LANGERHANS α CELL : GLUCAGON HORMONE
β CELL : INSULIN HORMONE
INSULIN HORMONE
INSULIN STRUCTURE IS PROTEIN, THAT IS CONSIST OF α –
POLIPEPTIDE AND β = POLIPEPTIDAE , HAVE TWO DIPEPTIDE BOND
and ONE DISULFIDE BOND IN THE α = PO LIPEPTIDE
72