2. Diabetes:
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.,
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Community Medicine,
VMCHRI, Madurai
3. At the end of this lecture you should be able to
Describe the burden of diabetes at the global and regional level
Describe the epidemiological features of diabetes
Discuss the trends in diabetes prevalence over the years
List out the strategies needed for prevention of diabetes
Appraise the diabetes scenario in India
3
7. Type 1 DM
Type 2 DM
Gestational Diabetes
LADA (latent autoimmune
diabetes in adults)
MODY (maturity-onset
diabetes of youth)
Secondary DM
7
IDF Diabetes Atlas, 2015
8. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular
share a common antecedent.
The concept The Metabolic
Syndrome
Clustering of central obesity with
several other major cardiovascular
disease risk factors
8
36. Short term effects
of diabetes
36
Ketoacidosis
Recurrent or persistent infections (including
tuberculosis)
Both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia may
cause coma
41. Aging of the population
Urbanization especially in the developing countries
More sedentary lifestyle
Food consumption patterns
More foods with high fat content
More refined carbohydrates
41
42. To reduce human suffering
Improve Quality of Life
Reduce the number of hospitalization
Reduce mortality from diabetes
Prevent sudden cardiac death
42
43. The human and economic costs of diabetes could be significantly
reduced by investing in prevention, particularly early detection, in
order to avoid the onset of diabetic complications
At least 50% of all people with diabetes are unaware of their
condition
43
IDF Diabetes Atlas, 2015
44. Primary
Includes activities aimed at preventing diabetes from occurring in
susceptible populations
Secondary
Early diagnosis and effective control of diabetes in order to delay the
progress of the disease
Tertiary
Prevent complications and disabilities due to diabetes
44
45. “There is an urgent need to take the prevention of
cardiovascular disease more seriously. The only
sensible strategy is the population approach to primary
prevention” - Beaglehole, the Lancet 2001; 358: 661-3
Why primary
prevention?
45
M. V. Hospital for Diabetes & Diabetes Research Centre
46. Behavioral interventions: including changing diet and
increasing physical activity
Pharmacological interventions: utilizing
pharmaceutical agents to improve glucose tolerance
and insulin sensitivity
Strategies
46
47. Population strategy
Primordial prevention (prevention of emergence of risk
factors)
Maintain body weight through adoption of healthy
nutritional habits and physical exercise
High risk strategy
Sedentary life style, obesity
Avoid alcohol
Smoking
High blood pressure
Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels
Approaches
47
48. All of those components are risk factors for
CVD and can be targeted in life style
interventions to prevent Type 2 diabetes
Metabolic
syndrome
prevention
48
49. Diet and physical activity reduce the incidence of Type
2 diabetes.
Diet and exercise for 5 years in men with IGT reduced
the incidence of Type 2 diabetes by 50%
- Eriksson et al, Diabetologia 1991; 34: 891-8
Reductions in the incidence of diabetes in subjects
with IGT who were randomized to diet, exercise, or
combined diet-exercise treatment groups
- Pan et al, Diabetes Care, 1997; 20: 537-44
Behavioral
interventions
49
50. The evidence for the ability of
pharmacological interventions to prevent
Type 2 diabetes awaits confirmation
Metformin Pharmacological
interventions
50
52. Evidence from
studies
52
Study Year Interventions Outcome
DaQing
(China)
1997 Diet, physical
activity or both
(control group:
general)
Reduction in diabetes
incidence 31% in diet group,
46% in physical activity and
42% in diet and physical
activity compared to control
group
Finnish
Diabetes
Prevention
Study
2001 Diet and physical
activity (control
group: general
advice)
Reduction by 58% of the risk
of diabetes compared to
control group
Diabetes
Prevention
Program
(USA)
2002 Diet, physical
activity,
metformin and
placebo
58% reduction in incidence
of diabetes with lifestyle
intervention, 31% with
metformin
STOP-NIDDM 2002 Acarbose or
placebo
32% patients randomised to
acarbose and 42%
randomised to placebo
developed diabetes
53. The purpose of secondary prevention
activities such as screening is to identify
asymptomatic people with diabetes
Why secondary
prevention?
53
55. Urine examination
Test for glucose, 2 hours after a meal
Lack of sensitivity
Not appropriate for case finding
Blood sugar testing
“Standard oral glucose test”
2hr value after 75 g oral glucose
Measure fasting, random, post prandial
Strategies
55
56. Indian Diabetes
Risk Score
56
Interpretation:
Total score
< 30 - low risk
30-50 - medium risk
> 60 - high risk
Factors Score
Age
<35 0
35-49 20
>50 30
Abdominal obesity (WC)
<80 cm (F), <90 (M) 0
80-89 cm (F), 90-99 (M) 10
>90 cm (M), >100 (M) 20
Physical activity
Vigorous labour 0
Mild to moderate 20
No exercise 30
Family history
None 0
One parent 10
Both parents 20
J Assoc Physicians India 2005; 53 : 759-63.
57. Includes actions taken to prevent and delay
the development of acute or chronic
complications
Why tertiary
prevention?
57
58. Strict metabolic control, education and
effective treatment
Screening for complications in their early
stages when intervention is more effective
Approaches
58
59. Screening for diabetic retinopathy is cost-effective
where subsequent treatment, such as laser treatment,
is available and affordable
Where there is no access to laser treatment, good
metabolic control aimed at delaying the progress of
diabetic eye disease is likely to be cost-effective
Screening for
eye problems
59
60. A number of interventions have been found to
be effective in preventing foot problems
Education
Pressure-relieving interventions
Multidisciplinary clinics Managing foot
problems
60
61. Renal failure in diabetes can be detected very
early by screening for ‘microalbuminuria’
However, effective treatment must be
available in order to follow on from the
detection of this early sign of renal failure
Screening for
renal problems
61
62. The same basic improvements in diet and
physical activity that prevent type 2 diabetes
are likely to prevent CVD complications
Also, a wide range of drugs has now been
proven to be effective in reducing the risk of
CVD in people with diabetes, and in treating
diabetes-associated CVD once it is present
Macrovascular
complications
62
64. Standardized data collection on disease magnitude, risk factors and mortality statistics.
Clear action plan with specific targets, and well defined evaluation.
Initiating community-based interventions for primary prevention.
Advocacy for influencing policies.
Advocacy for the rights of people with diabetes for quality care at all levels.
Establishing acceptable standards for health care for people with diabetes.
Establishing an effective referral system and defining the role of each level of health
care.
Educating the population about this important global epidemic
Provision of appropriate training for health care providers
Coordination of prevention efforts
64
65. Type 2 diabetes prevention must be integrated in a major program
addressing the prevention of other lifestyle related disorders like CVD and
some cancers
Primary prevention is of the essence especially in resource-constrained
countries
Diabetes prevention is an inter-sectoral effort requiring cooperation and
coordination
Diabetes prevention should be addressed within the context of health
system reform ensuring the availability of acceptable health care standards
Culturally appropriate and economically feasible interventions should be
adopted
65
66. Type 2 diabetes is a major challenge to human health
Type 2 diabetes can be prevented
Primary prevention is a suitable and affordable choice
There is strong evidence that lifestyle interventions are effective in
diabetes prevention
Barriers for prevention should be addressed
66
68. Clinical services
Glycemic control
BP control
Lipid management
Annual eye examinations
Foot care
Kidney disease testing
Flu immunization
Preconception care
Diabetes education
Case Management
Targeted Screening
Promotion of behaviors
Education and awareness for:
• Physical activity
• Reduced Tobacco
• Healthy diet
• Regular doctor visits
• Self monitoring
• Self mgt education
68
Population targeted policies
• Health care access legislation
• Drug and supply reimbursement
policies
• Population registry and feedback
systems
69. Taxation
Food and Menu labeling
Engage Private Industry
Crop subsidy policies
Incentives/promotion for community availability and affordability of foods
Incentives/promotion for community support for physical activity
Regulation of foods in public areas
School food and physical education policies
69
70. It is the corner stone of DM management
It covers:
Self care
Changing behavior to prevent and control of
complications
Encourage interaction with health care
providers
Education of
diabetic patients
70
71. Nature of disease, types
Clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications
Types of treatment, side effects
Exercise, self monitoring , avoidance and
recognition of hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia
Foot care
Pregnancy and OC
Avoidance of smoking
CV RFs
Need for follow up
Self management skills and attitudes
Contents of
Educational
Program
71
72. Patients should be educated to practice self-care
This allows the patient to assume responsibility
and control of his/her own diabetes management
Self-care should include:
Blood glucose monitoring
Body weight monitoring
Foot-care
Personal hygiene
Healthy lifestyle/diet or physical activity
Identify targets for control
Stopping smoking
Diabetic Self-Care
72
73. Individual counseling
Group teaching
Educational materials: posters, pamphlets,
books
Special educational programs are needed for
special groups as children and pregnant
women
Types of education
methods
73
74. Basic understanding of DM and its
managements
Training in educational methods
Training of dietetics and nurses
Education of
Health
Professionals
74
75. Prevention or modification of dietary habits
and other life-style characteristics that link
with DM
Education of the
community
75
76. Economic problems: unavailability of needed resources
Socio-cultural problems
Lack of data, knowledge and skills
76
77. Obesity is not
considered
negatively
Fad Food
Culture has
caught up
Changing diet
is very
difficult
No value given
to physical
exercise
No time for
physical
exercise at
work
Fatalism
77
79. India’s response to the growing burden of
non-communicable diseases
National programme
for prevention and
control of diabetes,
cardiovascular
disease and stroke
79
c.
81. Plan of action
81
Guidelines
Trainings
Detection
camps in Sub
centres &
Main Centres
Detection /
Screening
Camps at
institutions
Regular, fixed
day weekly
NCD clinic at
PHC
Preparation of
Patient
Treatment
Cards
BCC
Activities
82. Key interventions
82
Key Area Activities
Health
Promotion
Public awareness through multi-media
Counseling for healthy lifestyle (Balanced diet,
regular exercise, avoid alcohol and tobacco)
Early
Diagnosis
Screening of persons above 30 years and all
pregnant women for diabetes and hypertension at
all levels; facilities up to Sub-centre level
Case
Management
Facilities for diagnosis and treatment (NCD Clinic)
at CHC level & above
CCU at District Hospital and above
Treatment of cancer at District Hospital & above
Capacity
Building
Infrastructure Development & Equipment
Training of human resources at all levels
Management
& Monitoring
NCD Cell at National, State & District level
Surveillance, monitoring & evaluation
Regular review meetings
83. Activities at
different health
care facilities
83
Tertiary centres
Comprehensive care, research,
training, telemedicine
District Hospital
Diagnosis & management of difficult
cases, CCU, dialysis, training
CHC
Early detection & appropriate
treatment, health promotion
84.
85. a) Screening for undiagnosed cases
b) Foot care
c) Lipid lowering agents
d) Metformin
85
86. a) FPG >126
b) PPPG >100 & <140
c) PPPG >140 & <200
d) FPG <110
86
92. a) Separate centre will be set up for stroke, DM
b) Will be implemented in 10 districts in 5 states
c) CHC has facilities for diagnosis and treatment of CVD,
diabetes
d) Sub-centre will provide facilities for diagnosis and
treatment
92
93. This presentation is available on
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