This is the first unit of Nursing Research subject for BSc nursing students. This helps the students to learn & understand regarding the meaning of research & nursing research, problem solving process, importance of nursing, research, need & purpose of nursing research, qualities etc.

1. INTRODUCTION TO NURSING
RESEARCH

2. Unit 1
● Foundation of
Nursing Research
● Research
Process

3. Research is a systematic
inquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer questions or
solve problems.

4. Ultimate Goal of
Research
Develop,
Refine &
Expand body
of
Knowledge.

5. Nursing research
provides the
scientific basis for
the practice of the
profession.

6. Methods of acquiring knowledge in
Nursing

7. Methods of acquiring knowledge
1. UNSTRUCTURED
METHODS
● Tradition
● Authority
● Intuition
● Experience
● Trial & Error
2. STRUCTURED
METHODS
● Inductive reasoning
● Deductive reasoning
● Assembled information
● Problem solving
● Scientific methods/
Research

8. PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

9. PROBLEM DEFINITION
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
GENERATING POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
ANALYZING THE SOLUTIONS
SELECTING THE BEST SOLUTION (S)
IMPLEMENTING THE SOLUTION(S)
EVALUATION & REVISION

10. SCIENTIFIC METHODS

11. Defined as controlled, systematic
investigations that are rooted in objective
reality & that aim to devop general
knowledge about natural phenomena.

12. Characteristics of Scientific Methods
● Orderly & systematic process
● Control external factors that
are not under direct
investigation
● Findings are based on
empirical evidence
● Findings can be generalised
● Based on assumptions &
hypotheses
● Conducted to develop or test
theories

13. Purposes of Scientific Methods
● Description
● Exploration
● Explanation
● Prediction
● Control
● Prescription
● Identification of
relationship of the facts.

14. Steps of Scientific Methods / Approach
● Selecting the topic & identifying the problem
● Defining the objectives of the study
● Review of literature from theory & other related studies
● Defining concepts & variables to be studied
● Stating hypothesis about expected observations or phenomenon to be
studied.
● Identifying assumptions & implications
● Determining the ethical implication of the proposed study.

15. Contd...
● Describing the research design & methods for data collection
● Defining study population & sample
● Planning the data analysis & discussion
● Collecting data from objects
● Analysing & interpreting data
● Communicating findings of the study.

16. Limitations of
Scientific
Methods
1. Moral or Ethical
problem
2. Human complexity
3. Measurement
problems
4. External variable
control problems.

17. Meaning of Research & Nursing
Research

18. The word Research is
come from the French
term “RECERCHIER”.

19. Definitions of Research….
● Research is defined as a systematic & scientific process to answer
questions about facts & relationship between facts .
● Research essentially is a problem solving process, a systematic,
intensive study directed towards full scientific knowledge of subject
studies. ( Ruth M. French,1968)
● Research is the process of systematically obtaining accurate answers
to significant & pertinent questions by the use of scientific method of
gathering & interpreting information. (Clover & Balsley, 1979)

20. Definitions of Nursing Research
● Nursing research develops knowledge about health & promotion of
health over the full lifespan, care of persons with health problems &
disabilities to respond effectively to actual or potential health
problems. (Commission of Nursing Research, American Nurses
Association, 1981)
● Nursing research is a way to identify new knowledge, improve
professional education & practice & use of resources effectively.
(International Council of Nurses, 1986)

21. Contd….
● Nursing research is a scientific process that validates & refines
existing knowledge & generates new knowledge, which directly or
indirectly influences nursing practice. (Burns & Grove, 2005)

22. Need & Purposes of Nursing Research
● Develop, refine & extend scientific base of knowledge.
● Enhance body of professional knowledge in nursing.
● Provide foundation for evidence based nursing (EBN) practice.
● Helps in expansion of knowledge.
● Enhance their professional identity.
● Define the parameters of nursing
● Refine & eliminate old knowledge.

23. Contd...
● Identify nursing care practices that make a difference in health care
status of individuals & are cost effective.
● Enhance accuracy of different nursing educational & administrative
techniques.
● Develop & refine nursing theories & principles.
● Solve the problems or answer questions related to nursing practices,
nursing education & nursing administration.

24. Characteristics of good research...
● Orderly & systematic process
● Based on current professional
issues
● Clearly defined purpose
● Emphasize developing, refining,
& expanding professional
knowledge
● Directed towards development or
testing theories
● Finding solution of a problem
● Dedicated to develop empirical
evidence
● Strive to collect first hand
information/ data
● An objective & logical process
● Generate findings to refine &
improve professional practices
● Use of appropriate methodology

25. Contd….
● Conducted on representative
sample
● Conducted through appropriate
use of methods & tools of data
collection
● Use of valid & reliable data
collection tools
● Carefully recorded & reported
● Adequately & appropriately
analysed research
● Patiently carried out activity
● Researcher’s expertise, interest,
motivation & courage.
● Adequately communicated

26. Qualities of a good researcher..
R Research Oriented
E Efficient
S Scientific
E Effective
A Active
R Resourceful
C Creative
H Honest
E Economical
R Religious

27. Types of Research

28. Types of
Research
1. Based on
Approach
2. Based on
Purpose

29. Based on Approach
1. Mixed Method Research
● Convergent Research
● Explanatory Sequential Research
● Exploratory Sequential Research
● Embedded Research

30. 2. Qualitative Research
● Phenomenology Research
● Ethnography Research
● Grounded Theory Research
● Case Study Research
● Historical Research

31. 3. Quantitative Research
● True Experimental Research/ Randomised Controlled
Trial
● Quasi Expermental Research
● Non-experimental Research ( Descriptive, Exploratory,
Correlational Research)

32. Based on Purpose
1. Basic Research
2. Applied Research

33. QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

34. ● It is an inquiry into an identified problem, based testing a theory
composed of variables, measured with numbers & analysed using
statistical techniques.
● It's often an iterative process whereby evidence is evaluated, theories
& hypotheses are tested & technical advances are made.
● Three quantitative research designs are EXPERIMENTAL, QUASI-
EXPERIMENTAL & NON-EXPERIMENTAL research designs.
● Experimental or true Experimental research is commonly known as
Randomized Controlled Trial or Randomized Clinical Trial.
● Non-experimental Research is further classified into descriptive,
exploratory & correlational research.

35. Example...
A descriptive study on the prevalence of health care
associated infection among patients admitted in intensive
care units.

36. QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

37. ● It is a field of inquiry that crosscuts disciplines & subject matter.
● It involves an in-depth understanding of human behaviour & the
reasons that govern human behaviour.
● Data is collected in descriptive form rather than numerical form &
analysed by descriptive coding, indexing & narrations.
● It involves analysis of data, such as words, pictures or objects.
● Five major types of qualitative research designs used are
phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study, &
historical research.

38. Example...
A descriptive study on experiences of women who
underwent female feticide in selected rural & urban areas
in Punjab.

39. Features of Qualitative Research
● It is concerned with opinions, experiences & feelings of individuals
producing subjective data.
● It describes social phenomena as they occur naturally.
● Qualitative data are collected through direct interaction with
individuals, through one to one or group interviews or by observation.
Data collection is time consuming.
● Criteria used to assess the reliability & validity differs from those used
in quantitative research.

40. MIXED METHOD
RESEARCH

41. ● It is a systematic approach to study a complex phenomenon which
involves headlining of both numerical as well as descriptive narrations
in a study.
● The four types of mixed Method research designs are convergent,
exploratory sequential, explanatory sequential,embedded research
designs.

42. Based on Purpose
1.Basic Research

43. Basic Research
Basic (fundamental or pure) research is performed without a specific
purpose. The aim of basic research are:-
● Gather & generate information
● Expand body of knowledge to improve understanding about a
discipline.
● Develop or refine theories & principles

44. Applied Research
It refers to those studies that have functional purposes & practical use or
application. It is conducted to resolve the following issues:-
● Solve problems
● Make decisions
● Evaluate something of interest
● Develop something new for immediate use

45. SCOPE & AREAS OF NURSING
RESEARCH

46. CLINICAL
NURSING
PRACTICES
NURSING
ADMINISTRATIO
N
HEALTH
SYSTEM &
CARE
OUTCOME
NURSING
EDUCATION

47. Problems in Nursing Research
● Fallibility of disciplined
research
● Handling multiple variables
● Difficulty in control of
external variables
● Minimal possibility of
laboratory research
● Lack of standardized tools
● Measuring qualitative
phenomena through
quantitative means
● Lack of interest among
researcher
● Ethical constraints
● Lack of qualitative research
expertise