Moby-Dick Mashups Bibliographic Networks

From Moby-Dick To Mash-Ups:
Thinking About Bibliographic Networks
Ronald J. Murray
In Collaboration With
Barbara B. Tillett
Library of Congress
American Library Association
2010 Annual Conference
Washington DC

This YouTube video is
excerpted from the 1973
documentary film “F for
Fake.” A portion of its audio
track is mashed up into
“Orson Whales.”
excerpted from a movie trailer
for the 1956 motion picture
directed by John Huston. The
screenplay by Ray Bradbury &
John Huston was adapted
from the Melville novel
Orson Whales
A 2007 video creation by Alex Itin.
This mashup is available on
YouTube and Vimeo
excerpted from an Italian
broadcast of an Orson Wells
reading. Its audio track is
mashed up into
“Orson Whales”
Listen also for the audio from
a YouTube video of a live
performance of Led Zeppelin’s
Moby Dick.” The audio track
is mashed up into
“Orson Whales”

“It is more a less a birthday gift to myself.
I've been drawing it on every page of Moby
Dick (using two books to get both sides of
each page) for months. The soundtrack is
built from searching "moby dick" on You
Tube (I was looking for Orson's Preacher
from the the John Huston film)... you find
tons of Led Zep and drummers doing Bonzo
and a little Orson... makes for a nice Melville
in the end.”
YouTube.com – Alex Itin 2007

From Moby-Dick To Mashups:
Thinking About Bibliographic Networks
Ronald J. Murray
In Collaboration With
Barbara B. Tillett
Library of Congress
American Library Association
2010 Annual Conference
Washington DC
Sunday, June 27, 2010

• Expect This: FRBR requires remodeling and generalization to
improve its comprehensibility, and to better inform information
system design and implementation
– Remodeling requires distinguishing theory-making from
information system design
– Remodeling requires correcting misperceptions about FRBR
resource description structures
• Remodeling FRBR requires the addition of a Resource entity,
followed by the redefinition of existing “FRBR things of interest”
as descriptions of Resources
• Remodeling requires creating more informative model imagery
– Paper Tool creation and use
Where This is Going:
“Moby-Dick, or The Whale”

• Imagine This For Today: Command a view of the whole
connection between:
– 56+ Separate printings of the Melville novel
– A chapter-length excerpt of the novel published the same month as
the first US edition
– A multimedia creation based on the novel that brings together
– Animated, painted, pages from 1851 and 1993 printings
– Audio tracks from a planned TV reading of the novel by Orson
Welles
– An image sequence from Citizen Kane
– An audio track of a monologue about Chartres cathedral
– An audio track of a live performance of the Led Zeppelin song
“Moby Dick”
Where This is Going:
“Moby-Dick, or The Whale”

Resources &
Resource Descriptions

Resources &
Why Know About This?
Libraries and other Cultural Heritage institutions have
been collecting and describing resources for a long time
Other parties are playing increasingly significant
resource collection and description roles. We need to be
able to discuss resource description processes and
products in a less “culture-bound” fashion
We begin by developing a theory regarding the
description of Cultural Heritage resources

A Modern Bibliographic Resource
Description Theory

Description Theory
What’s Your Cultural Heritage Resource
Description Theory?
Def. A systematic set of rules or principles
regarding the creation and use of resource
descriptions by Cultural Heritage Institutions

Description Theory
What Good Is A Cultural Heritage Resource Description Theory?
A Cultural Heritage resource description theory can be employed
to assign high-level, culturally relevant meanings to data structures
created and managed by information systems
When they focus strongly on print materials, still and moving
pictures and audio, etc. they are designated as bibliographic
resource description theories. Cultural Heritage Resource
description theories are complementary to bottom-up information
system design initiatives like the W3C World Wide Web/Semantic
Web.

Description Theory: FRBR
Origins of IFLA FRBR
“The entity-relationship analysis technique and the conventions for
graphic presentation that are used in this study are based in large part
on the methodology developed by James Martin and outlined in his
book Strategic Data-Planning Methodologies (Prentice-Hall, 1982).
Graeme Simsion’s Data Modeling Essentials (Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1994), Richard Perkinson’s Data Analysis: the Key to Data Base
Design (QED Information Sciences, 1984), and Ramez Elmasri and
Shamkant Navanthe’s Fundamentals of Database Systems (Benjamin/
Cummings, 1989) were also used in shaping the methodology for the
study. All four books are recommended to those who are interested in
additional background and more detail on entity-relationship analysis.”
FRBR Report, 1998

Data Modeling Origins Updated
“The entity-relationship analysis technique and the conventions for
graphic presentation that are used in this study are based in large part
on the methodology developed by James Martin and outlined in his
book Strategic Data-Planning Methodologies (Prentice-Hall, 1982).
Graeme Simsion’s Data Modeling Essentials (Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1994), Richard Perkinson’s Data Analysis: the Key to Data Base
Design (QED Information Sciences, 1984), and Ramez Elmasri and
Shamkant Navanthe’s Fundamentals of Database Systems (Benjamin/
Cummings, 1989) were also used in shaping the methodology for the
study. All four books are recommended to those who are interested in
additional background and more detail on entity-relationship analysis.”
FRBR Report, 1998

Description Theory: FRBRMartin –1987/91982 – Martin

Description Theory: FRBRMartin –1987/91982 – Martin
1988 Elmasri & Navathe

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Both sides of all relationships
are clearly specified

Martin, James. Strategic Data-Planning Methodologies. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. Simsion, Graeme. Data Modeling Essentials. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold. 1994. Perkinson, Richard. Data Analysis: the Key to Data Base Design. Wellesley, MA: QED Information Sciences, 1984, and Elmasri, Ramez & Navanthe, Shamkant.
Fundamentals of Database Systems Redwod City CA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1989. Simsion, Graeme. Data Modeling: Theory and Practice. Bradley Beach NJ: Technics
Publications, 2007.
is exempliﬁed
by
is an
exempliﬁcation
of
is embodied in
is an
embodiment of
is realized
through
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
is a
realization of
Many-to-Many
Relationship

Martin, James. Strategic Data-Planning Methodologies. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. Simsion, Graeme. Data Modeling Essentials. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold. 1994. Perkinson, Richard. Data Analysis: the Key to Data Base Design. Wellesley, MA: QED Information Sciences, 1984, and Elmasri, Ramez & Navanthe, Shamkant.
Fundamentals of Database Systems Redwod City CA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1989. Simsion, Graeme. Data Modeling: Theory and Practice. Bradley Beach NJ: Technics
Publications, 2007.
is exempliﬁed
by
is an
exempliﬁcation
of
is embodied in
is an
embodiment of
is realized
through
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
is a
realization of
Many-to-Many
Relationship
Know That: The existence of Many-to-Many relationships within
this set of modeled entities is inconsistent with the claim that the
FRBR conceptual model specifies hierarchical bibliographic
resource descriptions.

Data Modeling: Theory and Practice
(Simsion’s Dissertation Book, Published in 2007)
“Is data modeling better characterized as:
(a) a descriptive activity, the objective of which is to document
some aspect of the real world or
(b) a design activity, the objective of which is to create data
structures to meet a set of requirements?
To address what might appear at first to be a quite narrow (and
obscure question, it transpires that we need to explore a substantial
part of the data modeling and database design landscape including
questions likely to be of interest to any researcher or practitioner in
these fields.” (p.3)

FRBR Final Report, 1998
“The study has two primary objectives. The first is to provide a
clearly defined, structured framework for relating the data that
are recorded in bibliographic records to the needs of the users of
those records. The second objective is to recommend a basic
level of functionality for records created by national
bibliographic agencies.
...
For the purposes of this study a bibliographic record is defined as
the aggregate of data that are associated with entities described in
library catalogues and national bibliographies.”

...
...
Theories of
Information and of
Library Institutions
and Users

...
...
those records. The second objective is to recommend a basic level
of functionality for records created by national bibliographic
agencies.
...
For the purposes of this study a bibliographic record is defined
as the aggregate of data that are associated with entities
described in library catalogues and national bibliographies.”
Implementation:
Systems Analysis and
Design

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is an
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is realized
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Expression
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The Discreet Charm of the Hierarchy
What Do You Expect?
A key step in developing a modern resource description theory
involves investigating why there are expectations of or prior
assertions of a hierarchical structure in the IFLA FRBR
conceptual data model

• The Discreet Charm – A 1999 paper on an interoperable metadata
model drew upon the FRBR conceptual model
is exempliﬁed
by
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exempliﬁcation
of
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D-Lib Magazine
January 1999
Volume 5 Number 1
ISSN 1082-9873
A Common Model to Support
Interoperable Metadata
Progress report on reconciling metadata
requirements from the Dublin Core and
INDECS/DOI Communities
David Bearman
Archives & Museum Informatics
dbear@archimuse.com
Eric Miller
OCLC Online Computer Library
Center, Inc.
emiller@oclc.org
Godfrey Rust
Data Definitions
godfreyrust@dds.netkonect.co.uk
Jennifer Trant
Art Museum Image Consortium
jtrant@amico.net
Stuart Weibel
Center, Inc.
weibel@oclc.org
Abstract
The Dublin Core metadata community and the INDECS/DOI
community of authors, rights holders, and publishers are seeking
common ground in the expression of metadata for information
resources. Recent meetings at the 6th Dublin Core Workshop in
Washington DC sketched out common models for semantics
(informed by the requirements articulated in the IFLA Functional
Requirements for the Bibliographic Record) and conventions for
knowledge representation (based on the Resource Description

is exempliﬁed
by
is an
exempliﬁcation
of
is embodied in
is an
embodiment of
is realized
through
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
is a
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D-Lib Magazine
January 1999
Volume 5 Number 1
ISSN 1082-9873
A Common Model to Support
Interoperable Metadata
Progress report on reconciling metadata
requirements from the Dublin Core and
INDECS/DOI Communities
David Bearman
Archives & Museum Informatics
dbear@archimuse.com
Eric Miller
Center, Inc.
emiller@oclc.org
Godfrey Rust
Data Definitions
godfreyrust@dds.netkonect.co.uk
Jennifer Trant
Art Museum Image Consortium
jtrant@amico.net
Stuart Weibel
Center, Inc.
weibel@oclc.org
Abstract
The Dublin Core metadata community and the INDECS/DOI
community of authors, rights holders, and publishers are seeking
common ground in the expression of metadata for information
resources. Recent meetings at the 6th Dublin Core Workshop in
Washington DC sketched out common models for semantics
(informed by the requirements articulated in the IFLA Functional
Requirements for the Bibliographic Record) and conventions for
knowledge representation (based on the Resource Description
FIGURE 2: Works, Expressions, Manifestations and Items
[based on IFLA FRBR Figure 3.1] [Cardinality is expressed
here with arrows.]
• Swap Network for Hierarchy – The researchers replaced the many-to-
many relationship in the FRBR diagram with a one-to-many relationship

1/20/10 1:05 PMGoogle Image Result for http://old.stk.cz/elag2001/Papers/PatrickLe_Boeuf/patrick_le_boeuf_soubory/image006.gif
Page 1 of 6http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://old.stk.cz/elag2001/…q%3Dfrbr%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1
Patrick Le Boeuf, ELAG Conference, Prague, June 6th, 2001
FRBR: TOWARD SOME PRACTICAL
EXPERIMENTATION IN ELAG?
I. Context
Since the very beginning, ELAG has been interested in the IFLA four-level model
FRBR. There has been an FRBR workshop in ELAG since 1996 and Susanna Peruginelli
reported, on the occasion of a two-day conference entirely devoted to FRBR, in January
2000 in Florence, that ELAG regarded FRBR as “not only of a high theoretical value, but
also a practical one, […] making it possible to integrate [digital resources] with
“traditional” material; […] searching and retrieval functionality will be improved.”[1]
Hence our wish to develop an experimental database, within ELAG, that would
allow us to value more precisely the benefits the whole library community might expect
from this new, revolutionary model. We also want to know if this model would not raise
implementation problems; we must think of cataloguers’ comfort and, of course, or our
patrons’ comfort when navigating, in the future, a new catalogue entirely developed
according to the model.
Paula Goossens has therefore elaborated Guidelines to help workshop attendants to
create new “records”. The aim is not just to transcode pre-existing records, but to create
new ones. We’ve tried to get totally rid of the MARC structure: our future experimental
database is intended to be entirely designed in XML from the beginning.
Only four bibliographic families have been elaborated so far: it is obviously not
enough for a database to be implemented, but it is a beginning, and it already presents us
with some interesting cases. It would be too long to report in detail on all of these four
families, I’ll therefore introduce only three of them to you.
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by
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exempliﬁcation
of
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is realized
through
Work
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Item
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• Bibliographic Families – A 2001 paper discussed bibliographic
relationships from a “family” (i.e. hierarchical) perspective

1/20/10 1:05 PMGoogle Image Result for http://old.stk.cz/elag2001/Papers/PatrickLe_Boeuf/patrick_le_boeuf_soubory/image006.gif
Page 1 of 6http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://old.stk.cz/elag2001/…q%3Dfrbr%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1
Patrick Le Boeuf, ELAG Conference, Prague, June 6th, 2001
FRBR: TOWARD SOME PRACTICAL
EXPERIMENTATION IN ELAG?
I. Context
Since the very beginning, ELAG has been interested in the IFLA four-level model
FRBR. There has been an FRBR workshop in ELAG since 1996 and Susanna Peruginelli
reported, on the occasion of a two-day conference entirely devoted to FRBR, in January
2000 in Florence, that ELAG regarded FRBR as “not only of a high theoretical value, but
also a practical one, […] making it possible to integrate [digital resources] with
“traditional” material; […] searching and retrieval functionality will be improved.”[1]
Hence our wish to develop an experimental database, within ELAG, that would
allow us to value more precisely the benefits the whole library community might expect
from this new, revolutionary model. We also want to know if this model would not raise
implementation problems; we must think of cataloguers’ comfort and, of course, or our
patrons’ comfort when navigating, in the future, a new catalogue entirely developed
according to the model.
Paula Goossens has therefore elaborated Guidelines to help workshop attendants to
create new “records”. The aim is not just to transcode pre-existing records, but to create
new ones. We’ve tried to get totally rid of the MARC structure: our future experimental
database is intended to be entirely designed in XML from the beginning.
Only four bibliographic families have been elaborated so far: it is obviously not
enough for a database to be implemented, but it is a beginning, and it already presents us
with some interesting cases. It would be too long to report in detail on all of these four
families, I’ll therefore introduce only three of them to you.
is exempliﬁed
by
is an
exempliﬁcation
of
is embodied in
is an
embodiment of
is realized
through
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
is a
realization of
• Bibliographic Families? – Though one diagram displayed more link
complexity than a genealogical diagram usually does

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by
is an
exempliﬁcation
of
is embodied in
is an
embodiment of
is realized
through
Work
Expression
Manifestation
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realization of
• The Siren/Demon Call of Hierarchy – Why is there an expectation
of – or insistence upon – hierarchies in the FRBR conceptual model?

About Hierarchies (AKA Trees)
Hierarchies & Trees
“There is a certain scale of duties, there is a certain Hierarchy of upper
and lower commands.”
Hierarchies – ecclesiastical, biological, political, information, etc. – can
be modeled using mathematical structures called trees. Although
defined mathematically by Kirchoff in 1847 (but waited to be named by
Cayley in 1857), tree metaphors were present long before that time
Milton quote from the Oxford English Dictionary Online entry for “Hierarchy.” Accessed 9/14/2009.

Bouquet, Mary. Family Trees and Their Affinities: The Visual Imperative of the Genealogical Diagram. J. Roy. Anthrop. Inst, v. 2, No. 1 (Mar., 1996), pp. 43- 66.
• Trees - Tree imagery was especially prominent in religious, secular,
and scientific thought during and after the 18th Century.

• Tree Imagery In Religion - The tree of Jesse represented the
genealogy of Jesus Christ

• Trees in Western Philosophy - The Great Chain of Being

• Family Trees - Genealogical trees depict hierarchical familial
relationships in a wide variety of graphic and textual styles

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• Evolutionary Trees - Even Darwin and his colleagues found tree
structures to be useful in advancing their evolutionary theories
Huson, Daniel. Introduction to Phylogenetic Networks. ISMB, Vienna, July 21, 2007.

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• Trees & Cataloging Theory - Tree imagery was omnipresent in library
content: religion, genealogy, 19th C. science, & philosophy

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• Trees & Cataloging Theory - Aristotelian philosophical principles –
especially hierarchical classification – took root in cataloging theory

Tree And Network Exemplars
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• The Tree Model - Tree structures were perceived by many as the new,
powerful, pattern for describing biological and other relationships

• A New, Powerful Pattern? – However, depictions like von Eichwald ‘s
tree of animal life forms (1829) were not the only ones around
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• Networks Are Old (1774) – Affinities among the natural order of plants
by Johann Rühling
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• Networks Are Old (1753) – Genealogical relationships among dog
breeds, proposed by Leclerc & Daubenton. Note the map symbols

• Networks Are Old (1802) – Affinites within the vegetable kingdom by
August Batsch
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• Networks Are Old (1893) – Klebs’ network of relationships among
groups of protozoa and algae
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BioMed CentralBiology Direct
Open AccessReview
Trees and networks before and after Darwin
Mark A Ragan
Address: The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics,
306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
Email: Mark A Ragan - m.ragan@imb.uq.edu.au
Abstract
It is well-known that Charles Darwin sketched abstract trees of relationship in his 1837 notebook,
and depicted a tree in the Origin of Species (1859). Here I attempt to place Darwin's trees in
historical context. By the mid-Eighteenth century the Great Chain of Being was increasingly seen
to be an inadequate description of order in nature, and by about 1780 it had been largely abandoned
without a satisfactory alternative having been agreed upon. In 1750 Donati described aquatic and
terrestrial organisms as forming a network, and a few years later Buffon depicted a network of
genealogical relationships among breeds of dogs. In 1764 Bonnet asked whether the Chain might
actually branch at certain points, and in 1766 Pallas proposed that the gradations among organisms
resemble a tree with a compound trunk, perhaps not unlike the tree of animal life later depicted
by Eichwald. Other trees were presented by Augier in 1801 and by Lamarck in 1809 and 1815, the
latter two assuming a transmutation of species over time. Elaborate networks of affinities among
plants and among animals were depicted in the late Eighteenth and very early Nineteenth centuries.
In the two decades immediately prior to 1837, so-called affinities and/or analogies among organisms
were represented by diverse geometric figures. Series of plant and animal fossils in successive
Published: 16 November 2009
Biology Direct 2009, 4:43 doi:10.1186/1745-6150-4-43
Received: 24 October 2009
Accepted: 16 November 2009
This article is available from: http://www.biology-direct.com/content/4/1/43
© 2009 Ragan; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ragan, Mark A. Trees and Networks Before and After Darwin. Biology Direct 2009, 4:43 do:10.1186/1745-6150-4-43. http://www.biology-direct.com/content/4/1/43

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Open AccessReview
Mark A Ragan
Abstract
Conclusion:
In the decades following 1859, genealogical trees won
acceptance in some but certainly not all areas of biology; nor
indeed have trees won full acceptance even today, although
they remain default hypotheses for most biologists, as indeed
more broadly in science and in society.
But nature-as-network preceded the branching tree, was never
completely supplanted by trees, and seems set to reemerge as
the most-inclusive metaphor for the living world - the
"Network of Life."

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Open AccessReview
Mark A Ragan
Abstract
Reviewer Comments :
... The evolutionary process is therefore a combination of tree-
like processes ... and of network-like processes ... it seems that
this dual nature of the evolutionary process has never been
taken into account in the history of biology and that the tree
and network metaphors were always considered to be in
opposition.
This may derive from the difficulty for most scientists of
adopting a dialectic view of nature (evolution is both trees and
networks) and their propensity to adopt a mechanistic approach
(either/or) that favours opposition ... Both historical and
philosophical approaches may be required now to get rid of
these false oppositions...

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• Depicting Trees - Tree structures are still used by biologists to model
simple evolutionary scenarios

• Beyond The Tree Line - But scientists now also study more complex
aspects of evolutionary change, like species hybridization
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• Beyond The Tree Model - Hybrids are created when genes are able to
cross species boundaries. The evolutionary tree becomes a network
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A New Species Is Created
By Gene Mutation In An
Existing Species
By Combining Genes of
Existing Species
The Phylogenetic
Network Depicts This
Combination As A New
Species

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By Gene Mutation In An
Existing Species
By Combining Genes of
Existing Species
The Phylogenetic
Network Depicts This
Combination As A New
Species
Why Know About This? Network Awareness #1
An example of how to depict “new” entities that
are composed of elements of preexisting ones.
This happens to be a common phenomenon in
serials publication and with publications that are
long-lived and/or popular
The relationships defined between preexisting
entities and new ones based on them can convert a
traditional tree of familial entities to a network of
familial entities

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• Before, During, and Beyond The Tree Model - Phylogenetic trees can
now be modeled as extracts from a network

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• Before, During, and Beyond The Tree Model - Phylogenetic trees can
now be modeled as extracts from a network
Why Know About This? Network Awareness #2
When a single type of relationship is assigned
between a number of entities, a view of the overall
result may appear to be treelike in shape
When several sets of treelike relationships between
entities are considered as a whole, the resulting
structure will very likely be a network. It is
accurate – and useful – to think of a tree as a
special type of network structure

Know This: The genealogical (largely tree-like) imagery that
historically shaped thinking about Cultural Heritage resource
description can be generalized to that of a social network. Just
as biologists now understand trees to be special subsets
of networks, hierarchical resource description structures
can be understood as special cases of resource/description
networks.

FRBR’s Resource Description
Levels
Speaking Broadly About The Big Metadata Pool
In some Semantic Web resource description visions and
implementations, the textual and numeric attributes that
describe resources are intended to be assembled on an as-
needed basis

Levels
There will be no metadata records, only one metadata record
covering everything, or a near-infinite number of different
metadata records, depending on the point-of-view of the
metadata user. The Semantic Web will allow machines to create
a metadata record for a particular resource just-in-time and on-
the-fly, rather than have static records stored just-in-case. The
benefits of metadata creation and maintenance by
information professionals will be available to all. (Dunsire)

Levels
The user will have control over the presentation and detail of
metadata. Recombination from the basic building blocks of the
RDF triples will allow information retrieval interfaces to
display a record in formats familiar to users of archives,
libraries or museums (and users of Amazon, Google and
Flickr), as well as innovative layouts (Dunsire)

Levels
FRBR Identifies Levels
FRBR resource description theory makes different assertions
about the some of the inhabitants of the envisioned W3C
metadata pool. Metadata descriptive of bibliographic resources
can be differentiated by degree of abstraction. These differences
are significant, and enable the creation of resource description
building blocks that play very different roles with respect to
resources.

Levels
Call# 3: PS3566.Y55 G7 1973 Rare Book
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Author: Pynchon, Thomas
Publisher: Viking Press
Publication Date: 1973
Place of Publication: New York
Language: English LC Classification: PZ4.P997 Gr PS3566.Y55
Call# 1: PZ4.P997 Gr Copy 1
Call# 2: PZ4.P997 Gr Ft. Meade Copy 2
Title: Gravity’s Rainbow Dewey Class No: 813/.5/4
# Pages: 760
Height: 23 cm.
Type of Material: Book
Content Type: Text
These unordered attributes describe general and
specific characteristics of three print copies of a
novel. The copies reside at three separate
locations within the Library of Congress system

Levels
Call# 3: PS3566.Y55 G7 1973 Rare BookBar Code# 1: 00001216788Author: Pynchon, ThomasPublisher: Viking PressPublication Date: 1973Place of Publication: New YorkLanguage: EnglishLC Classification: PZ4.P997 Gr PS3566.Y55Call# 1: PZ4.P997 Gr Copy 1Call# 2: PZ4.P997 Gr Ft. Meade Copy 2Title: Gravity’s Rainbow Dewey Class No: 813/.5/4# Pages: 760Height: 23 cm.Type of Material: Book Content Type: Text
AbstractConcrete
Pool of Disaggregated,
Undifferentiated,

Levels
Call# 3: PS3566.Y55 G7 1973 Rare BookBar Code# 1: 00001216788Author: Pynchon, ThomasPublisher: Viking PressPublication Date: 1973Place of Publication: New YorkLanguage: EnglishLC Classification: PZ4.P997 Gr PS3566.Y55Call# 1: PZ4.P997 Gr Copy 1Call# 2: PZ4.P997 Gr Ft. Meade Copy 2Title: Gravity’s Rainbow Dewey Class No: 813/.5/4# Pages: 760Height: 23 cm.Type of Material: Book Content Type: Text
ResourceDescriptionAbstraction
Pool of Disaggregated,
Undifferentiated,

Levels
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Author: Pynchon, ThomasPublisher: Viking PressPublication Date: 1973Place of Publication: New YorkLanguage: EnglishLC Classification: PZ4.P997 Gr PS3566.Y55
Title: Gravity’s Rainbow Dewey Class No: 813/.5/4# Pages: 760Height: 23 cm.Type of Material: Book Content Type: Text
I

Levels
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Author: Pynchon, ThomasPublisher: Viking PressPublication Date: 1973Place of Publication: New YorkLanguage: EnglishLC Classification: PZ4.P997 Gr PS3566.Y55
Title: Gravity’s Rainbow Dewey Class No: 813/.5/4# Pages: 760Height: 23 cm.Type of Material: Book Content Type: Text
I
Item-Level
Description

Levels
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Publisher: Viking Press Publication Date: 1973
Language: EnglishLC Classification: PZ4.P997 Gr PS3566.Y55
# Pages: 760 Height: 23 cm.
Content Type: Text
I
M

Levels
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Language: EnglishLC Classification: PZ4.P997 Gr PS3566.Y55
Content Type: Text
I
M
Manifestation-
Level
Description

Levels
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Language: English
LC Classification: PZ4.P997 Gr PS3566.Y55
Content Type: Text
I
M
E

Levels
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Language: English
Content Type: Text
I
M
E
Expression-
Level
Description

Levels
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Language: English
Content Type: Text
I
M
E
Expression-
Level
Description
† Galaburda, Kosslyn, Christen (Eds.) The Languages of the Brain. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. 2002.
Text is a graphic version of a
speech-based languaging
mode

Levels
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Language: English
Content Type: Text
I
M
E
Expression-
Level
Description
A restructuring & transformation
of mental representations for
communication.† A specific
system of speech communication

Levels
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Language: English
Content Type: Text
I
M
E
Expression-
Level
Description
Preferences Google Account settings | Preferences Help | About Google
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Levels
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Language: English
Title: Gravity’s Rainbow
Dewey Class No: 813/.5/4
Content Type: Text
I
M
E
W

Levels
Bar Code# 1: 00001216788
Language: English
Title: Gravity’s Rainbow
Dewey Class No: 813/.5/4
Content Type: Text
I
M
E
W
Work-Level
Description

Imagery In Scientific, Artistic
& Creative Thought

Imagery In Scientific, Artistic
& Creative Thought
Understanding a Cultural Heritage resource description
requires close attention not just to the structure and
content of that description, but also to the larger
resource/description structures within which any given
description fits
Scientific and artistic approaches to representing and
understanding complex phenomena can be instructive in
showing how to appreciate a larger, complex, view

• Finding the Right “Picture” - Historian of science Arthur I.
Miller’s three key studies of creativity in art and science:
• Imagery in Scientific Thought: Creating 20th Century Physics,
1986
• Insights of Genius: Imagery and Creativity in Science and Art,
2000
• Einstein, Picasso: Space, Time, and the Beauty That Causes
Havoc, 2001
Imagery in Scientific Thought

Imagery in Scientific Thought:
Finding the Right Picture
• Working with what they could see, imagine, record,
and calculate, astronomers tried to make sense of the
cosmos

(Norman B. Leventhal Map Center, Boston Public Library; NASA)
• Ptolemy (c. 150) - Hypotheseis ton planomenon
(Planetary Hypotheses) Geocentric view of the
cosmos. Eccentrics, epicycles, deferents.

• Copernicus (1543) - Heliocentric view of the cosmos

• Kepler (1609) - Astronomia Nova (New Astronomy)
Heliocentric view of the solar system, elliptical Mars
orbit

• Kepler - Heliocentric view of the solar system,
elliptical orbit dynamism

• The Solar System Today -

• General Relativity (1917) - Space-time warped by
gravity

Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
LithiumHydrogen Helium

Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
• Working with what they could see, imagine,
experiment with, record, and calculate, atomic
physicists tried to make sense of the microworld

Max Born cited in: Miller, Arthur I. Imagery in Scientific Thought . Cambridge MA:The MIT Press. 1987.
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
• Bohr’s Atomic Model - “A remarkable and alluring
result of Bohr’s atomic theory is the demonstration
that the atom is a small planetary system ...”

Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
• “... the thought that the laws of the macrocosmos in
the small reflect the terrestrial world obviously
exercises a great magic on mankind’s mind ...”

Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
• “... indeed its form is rooted in the superstition
(which is as old as the history of thought) that the
destiny of men can be read from the stars.”

Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
• “The astrological mysticism has disappeared from
science, but remains is the endeavor toward the
knowledge of the unity of the laws of the world.”

• Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom - An explanation
for light emission from atoms that avoids Einstein’s
quantum. Imagery from the world of perceptions
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series

• Solar System Imagery Departing or Transformed -
Imagery from the world of perceptions conflicts with
experiment and calculation
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series

• Kramers-Heisenberg (1925) state diagram - Imagery
of the light emission process, but without
mathematical underpinnings
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series

• Imagery Lost (1926-1943) No diagrams of electron-
photon, neutron-proton particle interactions, though
verbal descriptions existed. Much consternation
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series

Diagrams Based on Miller, Arthur I. Insights of Genius: Imagery and Creativity in Science and Art. Cambridge MA:The MIT Press. 2000.
• Feynman Diagram (1948) Physical process imagery
is now generated by the mathematics of Quantum
Theory. (Energy of incident/scattered light)
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series
Brackett
series
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
Lyman series
(ultraviolet)
Lyman series
Paschen series
(infrared)
Pfund
series

Implementation - independent
mathematical representation
• Drawing Feynman diagrams in software (rapid,
flexible, creative exploration) now generates (a.) the
appropriate equations and (b.) the computed results

Thomas Hahn: Automatic Loop Calculations in the SM and MSSM with FeynArts, FormCalc, and LoopTools.
Talk given at Wolfram Research, Inc., September 2000.
Generating diagrams in just a few lines –
aren’t there any strings attached?
Yes, one has to set up, once and for all, a
MODEL FILE containing the couplings.
E.g. the SFF coupling is declared by
in the Generic model ﬁle:
kinematic
vector
coupling vector
in the Classes model ﬁle (here for j2 j1
):
counter
term
tree-level
coupling
neutrinos have no right-handed coupling
Implemented* as statements
in a computer programming
language
• Drawing Feynman diagrams in software (rapid,
flexible, creative exploration) now generates (a.) the
appropriate equations and (b.) the computed results

• The human visual imagery system can generate and
operate on image content that has never been
perceived
– Feynman diagrams demonstrated that for physicists, the
imagery system can be successfully “programmed” to create
and operate on imagery that is generated by the mathematics
of unobservable physical phenomena
Imagery in Scientific Thought

• The human visual imagery system can generate and
operate on image content that has never been
perceived
– Picasso’s painting Les Demoiselles d’Avignon demonstrated
that for artists – and for receptive viewers – the imagery
system can be made to creatively transform the geometry of
customary visual appearances
Imagery in Artistic Thought

• The human mental imagery system can generate
and operate on image content that has never been
perceived.
– The creative imagery that led Picasso to cubism was
influenced by: his work habits; aloneness and anxiety; Paul
Cézanne; cinema, literature, music, and theater; Maurice
Princet - “le mathématicien du cubisme;” and Henri Poincaré
- non-Euclidean geometry and the fourth dimension
Imagery in Artistic Thought

• Final Miller Quotes -
A hallmark of classicism in art and science is a
visual imagery abstracted from phenomena and
objects we have experienced in the daily world.
There is no such visual imagery in quantum
mechanics or in highly abstract art. Artists and
scientists had to seek it anew rather than
extrapolate it from the everyday world.
Imagery in Creative Thought

In physics, the visual imagery imposed on atomic
theories led to inconsistencies and confusions in
interpretation.
It turned out that the proper visual imagery is
generated by the mathematics of quantum
mechanics, and it consists entirely of schematic
representations of events, not pictures of objects...
This transformation in the role of imagery is one of
the main distinguishing features of art and science
in the twentieth century.
Imagery in Creative Thought

Imagery in Creative Thought:
Relevance for Cultural Heritage
Resource Description

• Miller’s exploration of imagery-
assisted creative expression (with
examples from art and science) can
inform advanced theories of the
description of the resources that
embody and make accessible a
culture’s creative expressions

• In the face of increasing knowledge
and experimentation, the critical,
theory-relevant imagery that
formerly elucidated a phenomenon
can be lost and then regained in a
new form

• Going beyond E-R modeling – by
defining and systematically
employing appropriate visual
imagery in support of Cultural
Heritage resource description – will
enhance theory formation, education/
training, and information system
design

Paper Tools and
FRBR’s Future

Paper Tools and
FRBR’s Future
The lawful construction of a conceptual data model does
not mean that the result will be accurate or useful.
Inoperative theoretical assumptions and carryovers from
prior implementations can be identified and corrected by
testing the resource description model against typical and
atypical resource description scenarios

A Paper Tool: Resource Description
Using a Diagrammatic Method
• What is a Paper Tool and who uses diagrammatic
methods like this?
• Why use a Paper Tool to reason about bibliographic
(etc.) relationships among resources?
• How do we create and use it?

A Precedent From Physics
Feynman Diagrams & Diagramming Rules
http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/feynman.html. Kaiser, David. Drawing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams in Postwar Physics.
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 2005.

A Precedent From Physics
Feynman Diagrams & Diagramming Rules
http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/feynman.html. Kaiser, David. Drawing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams in Postwar Physics.
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 2005.
Physicists Converging Upon A Solution
Atomic physicists in postwar Japan, working in near-
isolation on the same physics problems as those in the
West, developed their own diagram-enabled technique.
As the physicists themselves and Kaiser noted, their goal
was to create:
“‘... an effective tool for the discussion of higher order
processes.’The new diagrams allowed one to ‘command
a view of the whole connection between the initial and
final states ... of a certain complicated process.’”
Koba & Takeda, cited in Kaiser. p.135.

•How do we get there from here?
– Begin with imagery adapted from the FRBR conceptual data
modeling process
– Define FRBR diagram element combination/connection rules
based on resource description business rules
– Use the resulting FRBR Paper Tool to create and study typical
and unusual resource description examples (exemplars)
How: Creating and Using a
FRBR Paper Tool

Resource Diagram Drawing
Conventions A Resource
Not observable or
manageable because
not identified and/or
described

Not observable or
manageable because
described
A Named
Resource
A Resource with a
minimum required
description (id/name,
“owner”), and a
description frame is
observable and
manageable

Not observable or
manageable because
described
A Named
Resource
A Resource with a
minimum required
“owner”), and a
observable and
manageable
The Frame Serves as a
Attachment Point for
Optional Descriptions

Not observable or
manageable because
described
Optional Resource
Descriptions
A Named
Resource
A Resource with a
minimum required
“owner”), and a
observable and
manageable

Not observable or
manageable because
described
Optional Resource
Descriptions
A Named
Resource
A Resource with a
minimum required
“owner”), and a
observable and
manageable
For FRBR, four
different kinds
of Descriptions are
associated with this
Resource. The
descriptions further
from the Resource
are more abstract

Conventions
Versions of this FRBR Resource/Description
Complex will be used to depict and reason about
simple and complex arrangements of resources and
their descriptions

Conventions
It’s Convenient to Distinguish
Resource Description Types by
Changing the Shape of the Resource
Holder
(e.g., library vs. archive vs. museum resource
descriptions)

Conventions
It’s Convenient to Distinguish
Resource Description Types by
Changing the Shape of the Resource
Holder
(e.g., library vs. archive vs. museum resource
descriptions)
A FRBR Entity An Archival Entity
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Fonds
Series
File
Item

Conventions
Coexisting Resource Description Schemes
This approach to resource description assumes that other
description schemes may be applied to the same set of
resources. Depending on business rules, the diagram elements
may coexist, and may link to the same resources as well as to
each other
A FRBR Entity An Archival Entity
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Fonds
Series
File
Item

Some Resource Diagram
Drawing Conventions
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
A Resource Description Diagram (RDD) presents
a specific configuration of resources, their
descriptions, and their relationships
• RDD construction provides exercise in theory-
building (e.g. which resource descriptions
should apply to analog and digital media – but
not to performances)
• RDD construction and analysis informs the
requirements specification & implementation
process (e.g. two-way linking for a RDBMS
requires an intersection table with begin_date
and end_date values for each link)

The basic FRBR diagram grouping
represents a resource and the
combined set of descriptions of that
resource
Drawing Conventions
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work

Drawing Conventions
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
A black-filled circle means that a
resource and a resource description
are both present.
A clear circle means that no
resource is present.

The color squares designate different
types of resource descriptions. In this
case, the color codes reflect FRBR
rules for resource description.
Drawing Conventions
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work

Connections between descriptions are
made according to the rules for the
point of view being represented.
Drawing Conventions
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work

Drawing Conventions
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
Squares placed next to one another
are linked together by the appropriate
relationship. No lines are visible.
These placements and links are
specific to FRBR theory.

Drawing Conventions
Cultural Heritage Resources exist in many
languages and media types, and may be
available in the form of multiple copies
stored at multiple locations.
The diagram must therefore be capable of
accommodating many Work, Expression,
Manifestation, & Item-level resource
descriptions, and the links to/from them.
We signal the presence of multiple resource
descriptions in a FRBR diagram by using
resource description containers
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1

Why Have Containers?
They are diagrammatic
representations of FRBR
aggregate entities
Drawing Conventions
Cultural Heritage Resources exist in many
languages and media types, and may be
available in the form of multiple copies
stored at multiple locations.
The diagram must therefore be capable of
accommodating many Work, Expression,
Manifestation, & Item-level resource
descriptions, and the links to/from them.
We signal the presence of multiple resource
descriptions in a FRBR diagram by using
resource description containers
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1

International Federation of Library Associations and
Institutions. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
Records. München: K . G. Saur München, 1998.
Drawing Conventions
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1
1-3.3 Aggregate and Component Entities
“The structure of the model ... permits us to
represent aggregate and component entities
in the same way as we would represent
entities that are viewed as integral units.”

Drawing Conventions
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1
Aggregate and Component Entities
This complex definition of aggregate &
component entities is depicted in a FRBR
diagram as open or closed FRBR resource
description boxes.
In IFLA terms, the open boxes represent
aggregate entities, and the closed boxes
represent IFLA component* or integral
entities. The benefits of this distinction will
now be demonstrated

Item 1
Contains
Drawing Conventions
These diagrams show two ways
to depict a single Item-level
resource description.
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1

Item 1
Contains
If a color square is solid, that
means a single resource
description is present.
Drawing Conventions
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1

Item 1
Contains
If a color square is hollow, that
means the description acts as a
container that points to one or
more descriptions of the same
type.
Drawing Conventions
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1

Item 1
Contains
If a color square is hollow, that
means the description acts as a
container that points to one or
more descriptions of the same
type.
Drawing Conventions
For the rightmost diagram, note that the
container Item hosts a single Item-level
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1

Item #2
Item #1
Contains Contains
Item 1
Contains
Drawing Conventions
For this third diagram, note
that the container Item now
hosts two Item-Level
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1

Item #2
Item #1
Contains Contains
Item 1
Contains
Drawing Conventions
Because many older print resources were
produced in fewer languages, media, etc.,
the diagram drawing convention is to use a
more compact diagram where possible
For this third diagram, note
that the container Item now
hosts two Item-Level
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1

Item #2
Item #1
... 43+
Contains Contains Contains
Item #2
Item #1
Contains Contains
Specifying Element Quantities
... Unknown quantity of Items
... 43 Exactly 43 Items
... 43+ More than 43 Items
Drawing Conventions
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1

Item #2
Item #1
... 43+
Item #2
Item #1
Contains Contains
Drawing Conventions
Business Rule For Containers: A container description shall be linked to
one or more descriptions of the same type by a Contains relationship.
Unlinked containers shall not exist
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Item #1

Managing Simplicity & Complexity:
Description & Relationship Growth
An Aggregate Of Resources And Their Descriptions May Grow Over Time
Descriptions of creative expressions may undergo notable changes over the course of
resource creation, distribution, revision, adaptation, etc. These changes are
documented by the creation of additional resource descriptions and relationships
Score of the
Musical Creation:
Sole Copy

From A Unique Publication ...
A unique, creative expression becomes visible and discoverable in the Bibliographic
Universe via a description that assigns at least one unique value to the resource’s
identifying (e.g. URI) attribute. Other descriptive information is added as required
Score of the
Musical Creation:
Sole Copy

An Aggregate Of Resources And Their Descriptions May Grow Over Time
Descriptions of creative expressions may undergo notable changes over the course of
resource creation, distribution, revision, adaptation, etc. These changes are
documented by the creation of additional resource descriptions and relationships
FRBR Item_Identifier: A2432
Resource ID: A2432
From A Unique Publication ...
A unique, creative expression becomes visible and discoverable in the Bibliographic
Universe via a description that assigns at least one unique value to the resource’s
identifying (e.g. URI) attribute. Other descriptive information is added as required
Score of the
Musical Creation:
Sole Copy

Copy #2
Copy #1
... 43+
Score of the
Musical Creation:
45+ Copies
Contains
Contains
Contains

Copy #2
Copy #1
... 43+
Score of the
Musical Creation:
45+ Copies
Contains
Contains
Contains
The Container Item signals that all
non-Item-level information about
this musical creation (e.g., title,
composer, recording medium,
musicians, publisher) applies to all
45+ copies
... To One With Many Copies
Copies of a creative expression can now be mass-produced. Each copy of a resource is
assigned its own identifying value, but shares all other information. This is done by
separating Item information from the rest, then linking through a Container Item

Based On
Based On
The
Musical
Creation
Contains
Menuhin
Performance
Contains
Ma
Performance
Copy #2
Copy #1
... 43+
Contains
Contains
Contains
...
ContainsMusical
Score

Based On
Based On
The
Musical
Creation
Contains
Menuhin
Performance
Contains
Ma
Performance
Copy #2
Copy #1
... 43+
Contains
Contains
Contains
...
ContainsMusical
Score
Concepts Can Find Multiple Expression
The concepts that underly a creative work may be realized in different ways (e.g., a
musical score or a performance Based_On the musical score). Each realization of
these concepts is documented by its own Expression-Level description

Based On
Based On
The
Musical
Creation
Contains
Menuhin
Performance
Contains
Ma
Performance
Copy #2
Copy #1
... 43+
Contains
Contains
Contains
...
ContainsMusical
Score
Work-level info
inferred for copy #1

Based On
Based On
The
Musical
Creation
Contains
Menuhin
Performance
Contains
Ma
Performance
Copy #2
Copy #1
... 43+
Contains
Contains
Contains
...
ContainsMusical
Score
In this diagram, the Container Expression signals that
all Work-level intellectual or artistic descriptions of
this musical creation apply to the score and to future
performances of that score.

Automatic Description of Resources
All Work-level intellectual or artistic descriptions of this musical creation apply by
inference to the musical score; to documented prior and future performances of the
score; and to existing and future recordings of those performances.
Based On
The
Musical
Creation
Contains
Contains
Copy #2
Copy #1
... 43+
Contains
Contains
Contains
...
ContainsMusical
Score
Contains ContainsContains Contains
...
Ma
Recording
Has A
Reproduction
Has A
Reproduction
Ma
Performance
Menuhin
Performance
Menuhin
Recording ...
Based On

Based On
The
Musical
Creation
Contains
Contains
Copy #2
Copy #1
... 43+
Contains
Contains
Contains
...
ContainsMusical
Score
...
Ma
Recording
Has A
Reproduction
Has A
Reproduction
Ma
Performance
Menuhin
Performance
Menuhin
Recording ...
Based On
Benefits of Systematic Resource Description Assembly
Note This: A fixed set of FRBR diagram elements have been linked to other FRBR
elements and to Resources. The resulting simple and complex resource/description
structures can be “read,” navigated, and extracted for display or for other uses

Managing Structural Complexity
The ability to generate complex resource/description structures beings with it the
need to render those structures manageable during theory formation. This is
accomplished by conceptually chunking (or folding) diagram elements.
Implementations may benefit from attention to theoretically relevant folding points
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1
Has Part
Item 1
Has Part
Has Part
Item #2
Item #1 Has
Resource A
Item #2
Item #1
Contains Contains
Resource B
Item #2
Item #1
... 43+
Resource C
Folding Descriptions And Resources

Item #2
Item #1
Contains Contains
Resource B
Item #2
Item #1
... 43+
Resource C
Resource A

Item #2
Item #1
... 43+
Resource C
Chunking/Folding: Reducing
Diagram & Cognitive Load
From Three Elements and Two
Links to One Placeholder
Resource BResource A

Chunking /Folding: Reducing
From 47+ Elements and 46+
Resource B Resource CResource A

From Cognitive Psychology: “... the span of absolute judgment and the span of
immediate memory impose severe limitations on the amount of information that we
are able to receive, process, and remember. By organizing the stimulus input
simultaneously into several dimensions and successively into a sequence of chunks,
we manage to break (or at least stretch) this informational bottleneck.” (Miller 1955)
Miller, G. A. (1956). "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information". Psychological Review 63 (2): 81–97.

Miller, G. A. (1956). "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information". Psychological Review 63 (2): 81–97.
Know This: FRBR’s concepts of integral and component entities appear to be a
theoretical application of cognitive chunking strategies. This approach supports the
creation, linking, navigation, and extraction of persistent systems of resource
description building blocks – and their respective Resources – rather than rely upon
the assembly of metadata structures on the fly

Based On
The
Musical
Creation
Contains
Contains
Copy #2
Copy #1
... 43+
Contains
Contains
Contains
...
ContainsMusical
Score
...
Ma
Recording
Has A
Reproduction
Has A
Reproduction
Ma
Performance
Menuhin
Performance
Menuhin
Recording ...
Based On
Chunking/Folding & Information System Design: Historically, bibliographic resource
descriptions were not conceived as or implemented as “foldable” data structures.
Paper tool explorations demonstrate their benefits. Designers and programmers can
then identify information technologies to manage this task

“The bibliographer who wishes to bring order to this great
stream of Moby-Dicks must, like Ishmael putting together the
folios and octavos of his cetological system, be prepared to say,
‘I have swam through libraries,’and to recognize in the end that
he will leave the structure “standing thus unfinished.”
Tanselle 1976, p.5
Working With A FRBR Paper Tool:
The Moby-Dick Exemplar
Tanselle, G. Thomas. Checklist of Editions of Moby-Dick 1851-1976. Issued on the Occasion of an Exhibition at The Newberry
Library Commemorating the 125th Anniversary of Its Original Publication. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press
and The Newberry Library. 1976.

• Imagine This For Today: Command a view of the whole
connection between resources and resource descriptions of a
literary achievement:
– Printings (56+) of the full-length novel
– A chapter-length excerpt from the novel
– A multimedia creation, combining:
– Animated, painted, pages from the 1851* and 1993 printings
– Audio tracks from an Orson Welles reading of the novel
– A sequence from the Orson Welles directed film Citizen Kane
– Audio tracks from an Orson Welles monologue on the topic
of Chartres cathedral
– Audio tracks of a live recording of the Led Zeppelin song
“Moby Dick”
Working With A FRBR Paper Tool:
The Moby-Dick Exemplar

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