1. Ancient Greece and Rome
Vocabulary

2. GREECE

4. Polis
A central city of a city-
state

5. Alexander the Great
An excellent military leader
who, with his armies,
conquered vast new
territories.

6. Polytheism
Belief in and
worship of
more than
one God

7. Philosopher
A person who studies and
thinks about why the world
is the way it is

8. Constantine
Emperor of Rome who claimed to
have had a vision of a cross in the
sky and promised that if he won the
battle he would become a
Christian. When he won
Christianity became the official religion
of the Roman empire

9. Republic
A form of Government in which
people rule through elected
representatives

10. Plebian
A common citizen of ancient
Rome

11. City-State
A central city and its surrounding
villages,
which together follow the same law,
have
one form of government, and share
language, religious beliefs, and
ways of life.

12. Oligarchy
A government in which a few
powerful individuals rule

13. Aristotle
A Greek philosopher who taught
Alexander the Great!

14. Athens
The capital of Greece and once
one of the most important
ancient Greek city-states

15. Aegean Sea
A branch of the Mediterranean
Sea that is located between
Greece and Turkey

16. Senate
The assembly of elected
representatives that was the
most powerful ruling body of the
Roman Republic

17. Julius Caesar
A successful Roman general and famous
speaker who was the governor of the
Territory called Gaul. He conquered
nearby territories to increase his
power and his reputation. Fought a
long battle for control of the Roman Republic and
eventually became dictator (person who holds total
control over a government). He was stabbed to
death by a group of angry senators.

18. Patrician
In ancient Rome, a member of a
wealthy, landowning family that
claimed to be able to trace its
roots back to the founding of
Rome

19. Empire
A nation or group of territories
ruled by an emperor

20. Augustus
Julius Ceasar’s adopted son whose
real name was Octavian. Named
the first emperor of Rome which
marked the beginning of the
Roman Empire. Ruled for
More than 40 years during
a time called the
Augustan age

21. Cultivate
To prepare land for growing
crops

22. Government Literature Architecture
Formation of city- Tragedies (Aeschylus, Temples
states each with its Sophocles, Euripides
own laws and form of (Acropolis
government
Creatiton of Comedies
democracy in Athens
at the end of the sixth (Aristophanes)
century B.C.
Philosophy
(Socrates,
Plato, Aristotle,
Heraclitus)

23. Achievement Effect
Literature
Virgils Aeneid
Growth of Empire Peace, cultural growth
Olive oil, wine, pottery, grain
Trade shipped across Mediterranean
Engineering
Lighthouses, aqueducts

24. Greece (Pgs. 278 – 282)
• How did geography influence the development of ancient
Greece?
Mountains separated city-states; people became skilled
sailors and established colonies overseas
• How were city states alike and different (Venn Diagram)
Alike: Common language, religious beliefs, way of life
Different: Lawas, forms of government
• What kind of government did Athens have by the end of
the sixth century?
A democracy
• In what cultural fields did the ancient Greeks excel?
Literature, philosophy, architecture
• Who were usually the major characters in Greek poetry
and tragic plays?
Gods and goddesses

25. • What were some of the topics that interested Socrates and
other philosophers?
Friendship, knowledge, justice, government, Human behavior
• How did Greek culture spread beyond Greece?
Through the expansion of the Greek empire under Alexander
the Great, a military leader who conquered the Mediterranean
and lands as far east as India during the fourth century BC
• Why were the surrounding areas of water an important
natural resource of the Greek peninsula?
The oceans provided fish and facilitated trade
• Which People were allowed to participate in the
government of ancient Athens?
Free, adult males whose fathers had been citizens could
participate
• How did Alexander the Great help to spread Greek
Culture?
Alexander conquered vast territories, spreading Greek
language and ideas

26. • In what way did the government of Rome change in
509 B.C.?
– It became a republic
• What were the two groups of Roman citizens?
– Wealthy patricians, workers called plebeians
• How did Rome win control of the western
Mediterranean?
– By defeating Carthage
• In what way did Augustus carry on the work of his
great uncle Julius Caesar?
– By continuing to expand the Roman Empire
• What were some of the activities that took place
during the Augustan Age?
– The empire grew, public buildings and lighthouses were
built, trade increased, and famous works of literature were
written.

27. • How did Roman attitudes toward Christians change
over time?
– Romans at first were tolerant, then became suspicious of
and persecuted Christians
• How did Christianity come to be the official religion
of the Roman Empire?
– Constantine, the Roman emperor, converted to Christianity
• On what waterway is the city of Rome located?
– The Tiber River
• What helped to unite the many different citizens of
the Roman republic?
– A common law system of government and law
• How did Christianity spread throughout the Roman
empire?
– At first, Christianity spread by mans of the Roman
transportation network; it spread more rapidly after
Constantine converted and made it the official religion of
Rome

28. TOGA Party
Wear a toga and receive
extra credit
Thursday November 15
(B) and Friday
November 16 (A)

30. The toga, which seems to have been Etruscan in origin, was the only garment
worn by the ancient Romans and was a mark of citizenship. Those worn by
magistrates and boys had a purple band round the edge. This garment, called the
toga praetexta, was worn by boys up to the age of sixteen, when they took on the
plain white toga of manhood. During the Empire people began to find the toga
inconvenient, and gave it up except for special ceremonial occasions, or at the
Senate. In it's place they wore the pallium, a light-weight cloak draped over the
tunic. The tunic itself became the outer garment, and was put on over an
undertunic, often called a camisia (from which the words "chemise" and
"camisole" come). The tunic might have sewn sleeves attached to it. As a result of
foreign influences, particularly from Gaul, some people began to adopt narrow
breeches, a heavy cloak called a paenula, made of thick natural wool or leather,
and the caracalla, a cloak with a hood attached.
Women also wore a long tunic, the stola, over an under-tunic tied in at the waist.
When they went out they also put on a draped mantle, like a shawl, the palla.
Unlike men, women could wear clothes dyed in bright colors.
The Romans did not have the kind of underclothes we are familiar with - pants,
vests and socks. The only undergarment worn by both sexes was a tunic, knee-
length for men, ankle-length for girls and women. In the early days of the Republic
men just wore a loin-cloth under their toga.