3. Definition of Terms
Migrant- a citizen who leaves his/her
country of birth to work or reside in
another country
Refugee – a person who has been forced to
flee his/ her country to escape war,
political persecution, catastrophe, natural
disaster, and the like.
Remittances- money sent by migrant to
their home countries
Diaspora- the movement of a community
of migrants bound by a common cultural
heritage and/ or home country
3
4. Definition of Terms
Immigration-international movement of people
into a destination country of which they are not
natives or where they do not
possess citizenship in order to settle or reside
there
Emigration-is the act of leaving a resident
country or place of residence with the intent to
settle elsewhere
• Emigrate is from the point of view of the
departure. Think exit.
• Immigrate is from the point of view of the
destination. Think come in.
• Migrate is all about the moving. Think move.
4
5. TheGlobalCity
Cosmopolitan as an Attribute
“Cultural Diversity is detected on the surface
as “cosmopolitan feel”. The global city’s
“natives” encounter and engage daily with a
mixture of immigrants and visitors. The result is
cosmopolitan consumption,cosmopolitan work
culture, global networking and “glocal”
transnational community relations”
-Val Colic-Peisker
5
6. The Global City
Cosmopolitanism is a phenomenon mostly
associated with the global city. Large diverse cities
attracting people, material and cultural products
from all over the world.
It usually evokes pleasant images of travel,
exploration and “worldly” pursuit by the “
citizens of the world “.
A consumerist world of malls and
supermarkets, of theme parks and leisure
centers offerings, a cross-cultural variety of
food, fashion, entertainmentand various
consumables and artifacts.
6
7. The Global City
Post-industrial character as another attribute
“the condition in which the
production of goods has ceased and
switched to handling and shifting
money and ideas”
Val-Colic-
Peisker
Example of Global Cities
which transition as former
industrial and
manufacturing centers.
SINGAPORE
SHANGHAI
7
9. The Global City
Its Colonial Roots and Linkages
“Global cities transitioned from
being colonial entrepots to
become major financial hubs
and destination centers. The
nodal points in the global city
network have formed
themselves in places where
networks already existed”
-
Gregory Bracken
9
10. The Global City
The Impact of Post-Colonialism on the Consoli dation of Global Cities
• The politics of post-colonial survival
became successful development policies
that paved the way for the emergence of
tiger economies
“Leaders of post-colonial societies strived to
industrialize their countries, provide social
services to their citizens, and achieve a
higher standard of living for their residents…
all these efforts to legitimize their leadership
after gaining independent from their colonial
masters”
-George Bracken
Vijay Prasad
“The post colonial survival enabled
Third World colonies to leap from
agrarian or semi-industrial status to
industrial, and now to post-industrial
era.”
10
11. Economic Globalization and the Birth of Mega Cities
Saskia Sassen’s HYPOTHESES:
1. The dispersal of globalization-related
economic activities such as managing,
coordinating, financing a firm’s network of
operation
2. The complexity of the central functions in the
headquarters of global companies leads to
outsource “ accounting, legal, public relations,
programming, telecommunications, and other
such services.
11
12. Economic Globalization and the Birth of Mega Cities
Saskia Sassen’s HYPOTHESES:
3. Those specialized service firms engaged in the
most complex and globalized markets are
subject to conglomeration economies or the
benefits that come when companies and
people locate one another together in cities
and industrial clusters
12
13. Economic Globalization and the Birth of Global Cities
Saskia Sassen’s HYPOTHESES:
4. Outsourcing makes corporation freer to opt for
any location, because less work done in the
headquarters is subject to agglomeration
economies.
5 . Specialized service firms need to provide a
global service which has meant a global
network of affiliates or partnerships that
resulted to the strengthening cross border city-
to-city transactions and networks.
13
14. Economic Globalization and the Birth of Global Cities
Saskia Sassen’s HYPOTHESES:
6. The demand for high level professionals and
high profit making specialized service firms
created spatial and socio-economic inequality.
7. Informalizing part of or all production and
distribution activities, including services, is one
way of surviving under these conditions.
14
15. The Global Cities
NegativeImpact to its Cosmopolitan Population
• Surging prices of real estate/
falling housing affordability
• Residential hypermobility
• Long working hours
• Competitive and precarious
labor market
• Traffic Congestions/ Long
commuting hours
• Urban anonymity/ relative
social isolation
• Crime Incidence 15
16. The Global Cities As Engines of Globalization
“ Global cities are command points in the global economy”
- Chris Hudson
16
1. Global cities provide spaces for
industries that produce commodities and
firms that provide services such as
accounting, banking, information
processing, etc.
2. Global cities offer convenience through
proximity and just-in-time production of
products and services
17. CATEGORIZATION OF THE
GLOBAL CITIES
.
1.FIRST TIER “ TRULY GLOBAL
CITIES” AS THE MOST
POWERFUL GLOBAL
FINANCIAL ARTICULATIONS
LONDON
NEW YORK
TOKYO
17
18. CATEGORIZATION OF THE
GLOBAL CITIES
.
2. SECOND TIER CITIES BASED
ON THE LEVEL OF THEIR
MULTINATIONAL
ARTICULATIONS
MIAMI
LOS ANGELES
FRANKFURT
AMSTERDAM
SINGAPORE
18
19. CATEGORIZATION OF THE
GLOBAL CITIES
. 3. THIRD TIER CITIES BASED ON THEIR
IMPORTANCE OF THEIR NATIONAL
ARTICULATION
PARIS
ZURICH
MADRID
SYDNEY
SEOUL
BANGKOK
TAIPEI
SAO PAULO
MEXICO CITY
19
20. CATEGORIZATION OF THE
GLOBAL CITIES
.
4. FOURTH TIER CITIES BASED
ON SUBNATIONAL AND
REGIONAL ARTICULATIONS
OSAKA-KOBE-KANSAI IN
JAPAN
HONGKONG AND THE PEARL
RIVER DELTA IN CHINA
20
21. GLOBALIZATION’S DISCONTENT BY JOSEPH STIGLITZ
” Those formerlyimportant manufacturing centers
and ports cities that have lost functions and are on
decline, not only in the less developed countries
but also in the most advanced economies”
Deindustrialized regions in the US, UK and other
developednations which failed to catch up with the
so called” knowledge economy” or failure to
compete with the newly industrialized countries
such as Brazil and China
21
22. Global Demography
The Theory of Demographic Transition
a period of high birth and death rates to eras
of lower birth and death rates, as society
transitioned from agrarian or pre-industrial to
industrialization
22
23. Global Demography
The Theory of Demographic Transition
” Before the start of the demographic
transition, life was short, birth were many,
growth was slow and the population was young.
During transition, first mortality and then
fertility declined, causing population growth
rates to accelerate and then slow again, moving
toward low fertility , long life and an old
population”
Ronald Lee
23
25. Global Demography
Four Stages of Classical Demographic
Transition ( International Union for the
Scientific Study of the Population)
1. Pre-transition
High birth rates, and high fluctuating death
rates
Population growth checked by Malthusian
preventive ( late marriage) and positive
check(famine, disaster, war, pestilence)
25
26. Global Demography
Four Stages of Classical Demographic
Transition ( International Union for the
Scientific Study of the Population)
1. Pre-transition
High birth rates, and high fluctuating death
rates
Population growth checked by Malthusian
preventive ( late marriage) and positive
check(famine, disaster, war, pestilence)
26
27. Global Demography
Four Stages of Classical Demographic
Transition ( International Union for the
Scientific Study of the Population)
2. Early Transition
Death rate begins to fall as birth rates remain
high , thus rapid population growth
27
28. Global Demography
Four Stages of Classical Demographic
Transition ( International Union for the
Scientific Study of the Population)
3. Late Transition
Birth rates start to decline and the population
growth decelerates
28
29. Global Demography
Four Stages of Classical Demographic
Transition ( International Union for the
Scientific Study of the Population)
4. Post-Transition
low birth and death rates and population
growth is negligible or even declined
29
30. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
1
High Birth
and Death
Rates
2
Lower
Death rates
because of
modern
medicine
30
3
Low Birth
rate due to
improved
economic
condition
4
Population
Stability
because of
low death
and birth
rates
Five Stages of Demographic Transition according to Drew Grover
(LEDCs on Stages 2 - 3, MEDCs on Stages 4 - 5
5
Fertility
rates fall
resulting to
aging
population
33. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
FACTORS THAT WOULD AFFECT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
(Livi-Bacci)
1. Man-made disasters
2. Emergence of new deadly
diseases (HIV, EBOLA, H1N1
SARS)
3. Rising cost of health care
system
4. Demographic aging
Managed Migration as a solution to
Global population stability
Young migrants from populous
Third World Countries can help
solve the problem of labour
shortage in First World Countries
as a result of aging population and
low fertility rates.
33
34. GLOBAL MIGRATION AND LABOR EXPORT
PUSH FACTORS FROM HOMELAND
• UNEMPLOYMENT
• SOCIAL UNREST/ REBELLION
• POLITICAL CRISIS
• POVERTY
• MINIMUM WAGES
• POOR LIVING CONDITION
• CORRUPTION IN THE
GOVERNMENT
• LACK OF EMPLOYMENT
OPPORTUNITIES
• SOCIAL MOBILITY
• GOVERNMENT POLICIES
PULL FACTORS TO THE DESTINATION
COUNTRY
BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS
HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING
ATTRACTIVE COMPENSATION
PACKAGE
MORE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
34
35. GLOBAL MIGRATION AND LABOR EXPORT
THE PHILIPPINES’ LABOR EXPORT
POLICY ( LEP)
PD 442 ( LABOR CODE OF 1974)
‘ TO STRENGTHEN THE NETWORK OF PUBLIC
EMPLOYMENTOFFICES AND PLACEMENT OF
WORKERS, LOCALLY AND OVERSEAS, TO SERVE
NATIONALDEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES”
LEP AS A SOLUTION TO
SOCIAL UNREST
MASSIVE DOMESTIC UNEMPLOYMENT
RATE
POLITICAL CRISIS
POVERTY
35
39. GLOBAL MIGRATION AND LABOR EXPORT: OFWs IN FOCUS
THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF THE
LEP IN THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY
NEGLECT / FAILURE TO
MODERNIZE MANUFACTURING
AND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
NEGATIVE BALANCE OF TRADE.
( EXPORT VS IMPORT)
POOR INVESTMENTS IN
INFRASTRUCTURE, AGRICULTURE,
MINING AND SOCIAL DEVT
INABILITY TO PURSUE SOUND
AND LONG TERM ECONOMIC
POLICIES
39
41. EXPLOITATION OF THE OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS
Low Salaries/Below the Minimum
Wages in host country
Less compensation and benefits
Racial Discrimination
Physical abuse and maltreatment/
death
Involvement in the transnational
crimes ( drug mules)
41
42. GLOBAL MIGRATION AND LABOR EXPORT: OFWs IN FOCUS
Threats on the Labor Export
Policy
Deskilling of migrant labor in
many immigration countries
- Mismatch of jobs (DH as
former professionals e.g
teachers, etc)
42
43. Typical OFW Destinations
Source: BSP AND UN HDR
Destination Amount of
OFW
Remittances
in USD
SCORE IN
THE Human
Devt Index
Destination Amount of
OFW
Remittances
in USD
SCORE IN
THE Human
Devt Index
Destination Amount of
OFW
Remittances
in USD
SCORE IN
THE Human
Devt Index
USA 8.931 B 0.92 UAE 2.155 B 0.84 Norway 185.39 M 0.95
CANADA 572.8 M 0.92 SINGAPORE 1.657 B 0.92 Qatar 1.059 B 0.86
SAUDI
ARABIA
2.63 B 0.85 GERMANY 706.2 B 0.93 Australia 639.84 M 0.94
UK 1.423 B 0.90 ITALY 238.849 B 0.89 Greece 216.3 M 0.87
JAPAN 1.362 B 0.90 HONGKONG 759.293 M 0.92 South Korea 220.51 M 0.90
43
44. GLOBAL MIGRATION AND LABOR EXPORT: OFWs IN FOCUS
THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF THE
LEP
BRAIN DRAIN PROBLEM/ High
Human Development Index( HDI) in
the host countries like UK, US,
Japan etc.
• Shortage of health professional/
full-blown crisis in the health care
system
Social Cost of Labor Export on
Families of OFWs
• Broken Marriages
• Drug Addiction
• Sexual Immorality
• School Drop-outs
• Suicide
• Psychological Breakdown
44
