This document discusses various representation theorists and their perspectives on gender, sexuality, race, and subculture. It outlines Judith Butler's argument against common feminist views of women as a group, and Laura Mulvey's theory of the male gaze in media. It also mentions Stuart Hall's views on hegemony and power in language, as well as Edward Said challenging concepts of East vs West orientation. Theorists on subculture such as Dick Hebdidge and Ken Gelder are outlined.

1. Representation Theorists

2. Gender
• Patriarchal society - recognizes the male gender and the sexuality of men as the dominant norm.
• Judith Butler argued that feminism had made a mistake in thinking women were a group with
common interests and characteristics.
• Laura Mulvey theory of 'Male Gaze'. She believes that male audiences get a sense of power and
pleasure from watching women in the media who are often represented as objects for male
pleasure.
• Angela McRobbie believes that cultural female expression is a symbolic revolt against the
constraints on girl's lives.

3. Sexuality
• Queer Theory - whatever is at odds with the normal, the legitimate,
the dominant.
• Feminist Theory - extension of feminism into theoretical or
philosophical discourse aims to understand the nature of gender
inequality.

4. Race
• Stuart Hall - Hegemony = dominant ideology/those in power. Regards
language - use as operating within a framework of power, institutions
and politics/economics.
• Edward Said - Orientation = text of cultural studies which challenges
the concept of orientation or the different between East and West.

5. Subculture
• Dick Hebdidge - argued that a subculture is a subdivision to
normalcy.
• Ken Gelder - proposed to distinguish subcultures from
countercultures based on the level of immersion in society.