By Dr.Olga Lobanova from Oncology department

2. Cancer will have a direct effect on 1 in 3 people during their lifetime. Our increased life expectancy and modern lifestyles (diet, smoking, alcohol and stress) all act as contributory factors. The most common cancers amongst men are prostate, colorectal and lung with the incidence of these cancers expected to increase by 57% by 2020(Irish Cancer society). The most common cancers amongst women are breast, lung and bowel cancers and over the last 20 years the incidence of breast cancer has increased by 50% (CRUK). 350 000 new cases of colorectal cancer are reported in the western world per year while in Europe there are approximately 430 000 new cases of breast cancer diagnosed every year.

9. Examples of human oncogenes

15. Metastatic progression

16. Acquisition of tumorigenic phenotype and clonality

17. The Vogelstein model of multistep carcinogenesis

18. Intervention period for carcinogenesis

19. Pathogenesis of metastasis

20. Frequency of metastatic sites

21. Interation between tumour cells, endothelial cells and macrophages