C04_Kelloway_MOHS8e_final.pptx

3. Learning Objectives • After reading this chapter, you should be able to: – Define key terms used in the field of OH&S – Identify the sources of workplace hazards – Describe the types of injuries caused by workplace hazards – Identify types of workplace hazards – Describe methods for systematically examining workplace hazards and risk – Describe the processes for controlling hazards and managing risk Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-3

4. Poll • Open the MindTap Mobile App and select your course. For the next 45 seconds, list all of the various hazards associated with driving a vehicle. 1. Does everyone have the same hazards? 2. Has anyone mentioned a hazard you did not think of? Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-4

5. Opening Vignette: High Heels Are Workplace Hazards • To preserve a brand, some Canadian restaurants force female staff to wear heels. • This is an OHS issue & some provinces have amended regulations to ban the practice. • How we think about hazards often dictates how we manage them. Would you have thought of heels as hazards? • Hazard identification, risk assessment, and control are the backbone of workplace health and safety. Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-5

6. Terminology • Hazard – Any object, action, or condition that can be a source of potential adverse health effect, damage, or harm to people, processes, or equipment within the workplace • Risk – The probability or the extent to which a hazard is likely to cause harm to people, processes, or equipment Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-6

7. Terminology • Risk assessment – The process of hazard and risk identification, analysis, and control • Risk perception – An individual’s interpretation of the potential for harm and their concern for the consequences (based on social, physical, political, cultural, and psychological factors), which influences how they behave in response to that hazard Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-7

12. Hazard Identification • People – Human factor • When a person causes an accident by: – Commission (doing something) – Poor judgment, or – Omission (failing to do something) – Unsafe act • A deviation from standard job procedures or practices that increases a worker’s exposure to a hazard Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-12

13. Hazard Identification • Environment – Improper illumination—Too dark or too much glare – Poor exhaust or ventilation systems—The toxic vapours from a process hang in the air rather than being removed – Adverse temperature conditions—Working around a furnace on a hot summer day – Poor indoor air quality—Odours and stuffiness Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-13

14. Hazard Identification • Materials – Any workplace substance, matter, or provisions used for production that have the potential to cause harm or loss especially if handled • For instance, certain cleaning materials such as ammonia and bleach should never be mixed together because the mixture results in a toxic chemical reaction Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-14

15. Hazard Identification • Processes – A process is involved when combining people, equipment, environment, and materials with the purpose of producing a good or service. – They involve the flow of work and include factors such as design, pace, and organization of the various types of work via policies, procedures, and work processes. Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-15

16. Hazard Identification Methodologies • Components of the Hazard Identification Program – Identifying hazards in the workplace – Visible inspection of the workplace or taking air samples to test for suspected contaminants – Walk-through surveys – Safety sampling Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-16

17. Hazard Identification Methodologies • Task and Job Inventory – Job description • The content and hierarchy specific to a particular job – Job specification • The requirements necessary to perform the various functions of the job Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-17

18. Hazard Identification Methodologies • Hazard Analysis – Orderly, analytical technique that examines a system for most probable hazards having the severest consequences – Establish corrective or control mechanisms – Positive Tree • Illustration of how job should be done – Fault Tree • Illustration of things that can go wrong Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-18

20. Hazard Identification Methodologies • Audits and Reports – Review of reports • Filed after an incident, accident, or injury or as part of a safety inspection • Provide valuable information on hazards – Audit information • Reviewing records of all injuries, accidents, incidents, workplace design changes, and environmental sampling • Useful source for cataloguing hazards – Computers to store, analyze, and report on hazards and incidents • Facilitates identification of hazards by type or department Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-20

21. Risk Analysis • Once hazards are identified, the risk of an incident or injury is determined via risk analysis. • Two main pillars of analysis include: – Probability – Consequences Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-21

22. Risk Analysis • Probability – Chance or likelihood that an event will occur and will result in harm or loss • Consequences – The results or severity of the injury Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-22

25. Types of Injuries and Illnesses • Injury – Any trauma, physical or mental, direct or indirect, acute or chronic, experienced by a human being • Overt traumatic injuries – Injuries resulting from coming into contact with an energy source • Overexertion injuries – Injuries resulting from excessive physical effort, repetitive motions, and, possibly, awkward working positions Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-25

26. Types of Injuries and Illnesses • Overt Traumatic Injuries – Common cause of workplace accidents is individuals coming into contact with objects and equipment – Examples: • Struck by overhead falling objects • Drop materials on themselves, resulting in crush injuries • Caught in, under, or between (CIUB) machinery • Falls • Contact with sources of energy such as electricity, chemicals, and heat Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-26

28. Types of Injuries and Illnesses • Overexertion Injuries – When lifting activities are identified as a workplace hazard: • Materials handling can be – Mechanized through use of conveyors and forklift trucks – Automated through use of guided vehicles • Inventory systems can be installed that allow computer- controlled machines to pick up or stock inventory Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-28

29. Types of Injuries and Illnesses • Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI) – Becoming the most common occupational injury – Origins of RSI: • Unnatural joint position or posture • Force application to hinge joints • Activity repetition • Pre-existing conditions Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-29

30. Types of Injuries and Illnesses • Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI) – Unnatural joint position or posture • If joint is forced to work in unnatural or stressed position – Force application to hinge joints • When lifting while bent, wrist joint can begin to ache and repetition of the activity can result in a loss of strength – Activity repetition • Keyboarding or using a hammer involve a repetitive flexing of fingers and wrists – Pre-existing conditions • Arthritis and circulation disorders can have a synergistic effect on RSI conditions Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-30

31. OHS Today 4.1 Repetitive Strain Awareness Day • February 29 marks Repetitive Strain Awareness Day (on months where there are 28 days, it’s on that day) • Purpose is to raise awareness among workers, employers, and public about impact of RSI Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-31

32. Types of Injuries and Illnesses • Awkward Working Positions – Strains and sprains can result from: • bending, twisting, and working in a variety of awkward positions – Should not reach below the knees or raise arms above shoulder for any length of time – Design of workstations and work procedures so that individuals work in a comfortable position Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-32

33. Types of Injuries and Illnesses • Illness – Physical and mental conditions resulting from hazards – Can affect the physical and mental health of workers – Need special attention given they develop over time, thereby making them much more difficult to identify and manage Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-33

34. Risk Control • Various methods of risk control • All involve a systematic process for determining where and when a control is necessary • Determines what types of control(s) would be best • Source–path–human is one such model Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-34

35. Source–Path–Human Controls • Hazards can be controlled or eliminated by identifying and attacking the: – Source of the hazard – Path it travels – Employee or recipient of the hazard • Important to have thorough understanding that hazard control is necessary and possible Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-35

37. Hierarchy of Control • Program or process used to establish preventive and corrective measures 1. Elimination 2. Substitution 3. Engineering Controls 4. Administrative 5. Personal Protective Equipment Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-37

39. Hierarchy of Control • Elimination – Process of removing a hazard • Substitution – Replacing or changing equipment, materials, or work processes for less hazardous ones Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-39

40. Engineering Controls • Modification of work processes, equipment, and materials to reduce exposure to hazards • Installation of auxiliary equipment, such as physical barriers and ventilation systems • Avoid hazards or eliminate them entirely • First and most preferred way to deal with hazards Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-40

42. Administrative Control • Administrative Control – Management involvement – Training of employees – Rotation of employees – Environmental sampling – Medical surveillance • Goal is to protect individuals Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-42

43. Administrative Control • Examples: – Safety awareness programs – Visible reminders – Special events – Awards and incentives – Housekeeping – Preventive maintenance – Lockout procedures – Work permits – Confined space entry procedures Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-43

44. Administrative Control • Confined space – Any space that is enclosed or partially enclosed and restricts entrance and exit by the location and size, and is potentially deficient in oxygen or could contain toxic gases Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-44

46. Monitoring/Auditing • Monitoring – Important part of hazard control • Audits – Ensure hazard controls are functioning effectively and identify new hazards Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-46

47. Monitoring/Auditing • Audit program should: – Ensure safety programs are carried out without restrictions – Ensure safety programs are up to date and deficiencies documented – Be carried out by people with understanding of both audit methods and material being examined Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-47

48. Monitoring/Auditing • Audit program should: – Stimulate discussion among all managers and workers, and ultimately produce conclusions and recommendations – Be conducted annually by high-risk hazards companies – Include all documentation (e.g., WSIB/WCB statements, Ministry of Labour citations) Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-48

49. Record Keeping • Information obtained at all stages of hazard control process should be stored in a database • Records identify frequency of events as well as trends in hazards • Information source on worker training and equipment maintenance Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-49

50. Personal Protective Equipment • Not always possible to fully protect individuals by applying engineering and administrative controls • Clothing, helmets, goggles, and other devices to protect individual from specific hazards • Least preferred means of controlling hazards • “Backup” to other methods of control • Should never be sole means of protecting workers from hazards Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-50

52. End-of-Chapter Activities • The end-of-chapter discussion questions and exercises should help you develop your understanding of: – Hazards: what they are – Risk Assessment: the process • Hazard identification • Risk analysis • Risk control Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-52

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