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Biology 1130
          March 19th
Please do not eat or drink in our classroom.


            Attendance Poll
Announcements
• Chapter 9 reading quiz deadline: March 26th
• Chapter 10 reading quiz deadline: March 28th
Let’s Review!
• What’s a hypothesis? What notable features
  does a hypothesis have?
• What’s the scientific method?
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

          and its precursors
What’s a Scientific Theory?
• The result of repeated hypothesis testing
• Provides an explanatory model in a scientific
  discipline
• The best explanation for what we see in the
  natural world
• As close to a fact as we can get
What did Western Europeans
      believe before the 1550s?
• The Earth was flat
• The Sun and other
  heavenly bodies moved
  around the Earth
• The Earth is young
• The accounts of organismal
  and human creation in
  Genesis were true:
   – Fixity of Species
   – Great Chain of Being
European History
                (1400s – 1900s)
• What were some of the major discoveries,
  wars, and social events of this time period?
• How did these events change how people saw
  the world?
• How might these events have influenced
  scientific thought?
Scientific Breakthroughs
       in the Renaissance and later
• Heliocentric, rather than geocentric universe
• Earth is round
• Invention of telescopes & microscopes
If the Biblical account of
special creation is literally true, then…
• There should be no evidence that organisms have
  changed over time
• All features of organisms should be perfectly designed
  for their function
• There should be no features that have no obvious
  function
• There should be no similarities between organisms
• There should be no extinct organisms (that didn’t die in
  the flood)
• There should be no evidence of organisms existing more
  than 6000 years ago
Discoveries that challenged the Biblical
   account of creation (1700 and 1800s)
 Why organisms were more diverse than in the
  Bible
“New” Continents, “New” Species
Invention of the microscope
Breakthroughs in Biology in the
          Renaissance and later
• Why organisms were more diverse than in the
  Bible
 Apparently extinct organisms
Mary Anning, Fossil Discoverer
Breakthroughs in Biology in the
           Renaissance and later
• Why organisms were more diverse than in the
  Bible
• Apparently extinct organisms
 Gross anatomical similarities between organisms
Homology of mammal forelimbs


                                              Humerus


                                              Radius
                                              and ulna


                                              Carpals


                                              Metacarpals


                                              Phalanges

 Bat   Sea lion   Lion   Chimpanzee   Human
Order Primates

                                 Family Hominidae

                                          Subfamily Homininae




Squirrel                               Common
monkey     Orangutan   Gorilla        chimpanzee               Bonobo                 Human



                                                                                    increase in size of
                                                                                    genital structures
                                                                             delayed sexual maturity
                                                                         broad incisors
                                                                     shortened canine teeth
                                                                 enlarged brow ridges
                                                            elongated skull
                                                       reduced hairiness
                                                   large brain
                                              no tail
                                          more erect posture
                                       increased flexibility of thumb



                           Mammal ancestor
Breakthroughs in Biology in the
           Renaissance and later
• Why organisms were more diverse than in the
  Bible
• Apparently extinct organisms
• Gross anatomical similarities between organisms
 Vestigial structures
“Useful” trait in primate relative   Vestigial trait in human

(a) Tail bone




(b) Goose bumps
Breakthroughs in Biology in the
          Renaissance and later
• Why organisms were more diverse than in the
  Bible
• Apparently extinct organisms
• Gross anatomical similarities between organisms
• Vestigial structures
 Similar embryonic development between species
Comparative Embryonic Development
               Snake   Chicken   Possum   Cat   Bat   Human

                                                              Pharyngeal
Early                                                         slits
embryo
                                                              Tail




Intermediate
embryo




Late
embryo
Breakthroughs in Biology in the
          Renaissance and later
• Why organisms were more diverse than in the
  Bible
• Apparently extinct organisms
• Gross anatomical similarities between organisms
• Vestigial structures
• Similar embryonic development between species
 Evidence that organisms have changed over time
Horses and their ancestors
                                                             Equus


                                        Merychippus
                                                                 1 toe

                    Mesohippus                   3 toes
Hyracotherium
 (Eohippus)
                            3 toes
           4 toes




  Horse ancestor                                                 Modern horse

      55               40                  17                4

                                     Millions of years ago
Darwin and the armadillos
How can we explain all of this??

• Why organisms were more diverse than in the
  Bible
• Apparently extinct organisms
• Gross anatomical similarities between organisms
• Vestigial structures
• Similar embryonic development between species
• Evidence that organisms have changed over time
Darwin’s Voyage on the Beagle
Individuals who influenced Darwin
• Age of the Earth:
   – Lyell
• Similarities between organisms:
   – Ray
   – Linnaeus
• Fit between organisms and their environments:
   – Buffon
   – Lamarck
• Economics (?!):
   — Malthus
Charles Lyell: Uniformitarianism
               • 1830s
               • Uniformitarianism &
                 deep time
Uniformitarianism
• Geologic processes (wind and water erosion,
  sedimentation, flooding, volcanic eruptions)
  are constant now and have been in the past
• These processes take place over a long time
• The Earth is really old!
John Ray
• Late 1600s
• Definition of
  species
  (reproductive
  isolation)
Carolus Linnaeus:
Linnaean Classification of Organisms
                    • 1735
                    • Taxonomy (study of
                      relationships between
                      organisms)
                    • included humans
                    • differences and
                      similarities between
                      species
                    • descent from a
                      common ancestor
Order Primates

                                 Family Hominidae

                                          Subfamily Homininae




Squirrel                               Common
monkey     Orangutan   Gorilla        chimpanzee               Bonobo                 Human



                                                                                    increase in size of
                                                                                    genital structures
                                                                             delayed sexual maturity
                                                                         broad incisors
                                                                     shortened canine teeth
                                                                 enlarged brow ridges
                                                            elongated skull
                                                       reduced hairiness
                                                   large brain
                                              no tail
                                          more erect posture
                                       increased flexibility of thumb



                           Mammal ancestor
Georges Leclerc Comte de Buffon
• 1749
• organisms are “well-
suited” to their
environments
• adaptation
• but against
“transmutation”
Jean-Baptiste, Chevalier de Lamarck

                  • Late 1700s
                  • Inheritance of
                    acquired
                    characteristics
                  • first person to try to
                    explain adaptation
Lamarck’s Inheritance of Acquired
         Characteristics
Thomas Malthus
       • 1798
       • Economist
       • Populations have
         finite resources
       • More individuals
         born in most species
         than can survive
Malthus’ observation about
populations and their resources
Charles Darwin
      • Voyage of the Beagle
        (1830s)
      • On the Origin of
        Species published
        (1859)
      • Notice the gap in
        time…
Charles Darwin:
Voyage of the Beagle (1830s)
What Darwin saw…
• Similarities in Galapagos & South
  American finches
• Descent from a common ancestor
• Differences seemed to be related to
  food
What Darwin knew…
      • Knew about Malthus’
        idea
      • Knew about artificial
        selection
      • Sexual reproduction
        produced variation
Alfred Russel Wallace:
      Almost “scooped” Darwin
• 1848: Amazonian
  journey
• knew species well-suited
  to environments
• Wrote to Darwin (1858)
• 1859 Darwin published
  On the Origin of Species
• Why did Darwin wait?
For Natural Selection to Happen, There Must Be:
    1. Variation
    2. Variation must be heritable
    3. Some variants better able to survive OR
       reproduce than others in a given
       environment (reproductive fitness =
       differential reproductive success)
     Over time, accumulation of successful
       variants result in adaptation
More about natural selection
• Survival only matters until the point of
  reproduction
• Environments contain selective
  pressures (predators, competition for
  food / mates)
• Environmental context is key (example:
  wooly mammoths)
More about natural selection
Geographical isolation can produce new species:
  – if groups are exposed to different selective pressures
    in their respective environments
  – gradually differences will accumulate
  – groups will no longer be able to interbreed
• Individuals survive & reproduce, but populations
  evolve
Evolution Example: “Peppered” Moths in England

                                What’s the
                                selective pressure
                                in the
                                environment?

                                How did the
                                population evolve?
Evolution Example:
antibiotic-resistant bacteria (example: MRSA)
                         • What’s the selective
                           pressure in the
                           environment?

                         • How did the
                           population evolve?
Misconceptions about Evolution
• It’s not testable
• How does one formulate a testable hypothesis
  about something that happened in the past?
• It’s all about survival
• If something exists, it’s the result of natural
  selection (adaptationism) (example: male
  nipples)
Follow-up Questions
•   What’s the Great Chain of Being?
•   What’s the Fixity of Species?
•   How do geocentric and heliocentric universes differ?
•   What’s a vestigial trait?
•   What’s uniformitarianism? What’s deep time?
•   What’s a species? What’s taxonomy?
•   What’s the inheritance of acquired characteristics?
•   What is adaptation?
•   What is required in order for natural selection to occur?
Judgment Day:
Intelligent Design on Trial

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Bio%201130 c%203 19%20lecture

  • 1. Biology 1130 March 19th Please do not eat or drink in our classroom. Attendance Poll
  • 2. Announcements • Chapter 9 reading quiz deadline: March 26th • Chapter 10 reading quiz deadline: March 28th
  • 3. Let’s Review! • What’s a hypothesis? What notable features does a hypothesis have? • What’s the scientific method?
  • 4. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection and its precursors
  • 5. What’s a Scientific Theory? • The result of repeated hypothesis testing • Provides an explanatory model in a scientific discipline • The best explanation for what we see in the natural world • As close to a fact as we can get
  • 6. What did Western Europeans believe before the 1550s? • The Earth was flat • The Sun and other heavenly bodies moved around the Earth • The Earth is young • The accounts of organismal and human creation in Genesis were true: – Fixity of Species – Great Chain of Being
  • 7. European History (1400s – 1900s) • What were some of the major discoveries, wars, and social events of this time period? • How did these events change how people saw the world? • How might these events have influenced scientific thought?
  • 8. Scientific Breakthroughs in the Renaissance and later • Heliocentric, rather than geocentric universe • Earth is round • Invention of telescopes & microscopes
  • 9. If the Biblical account of special creation is literally true, then… • There should be no evidence that organisms have changed over time • All features of organisms should be perfectly designed for their function • There should be no features that have no obvious function • There should be no similarities between organisms • There should be no extinct organisms (that didn’t die in the flood) • There should be no evidence of organisms existing more than 6000 years ago
  • 10. Discoveries that challenged the Biblical account of creation (1700 and 1800s)  Why organisms were more diverse than in the Bible
  • 12. Invention of the microscope
  • 13. Breakthroughs in Biology in the Renaissance and later • Why organisms were more diverse than in the Bible  Apparently extinct organisms
  • 14. Mary Anning, Fossil Discoverer
  • 15. Breakthroughs in Biology in the Renaissance and later • Why organisms were more diverse than in the Bible • Apparently extinct organisms  Gross anatomical similarities between organisms
  • 16. Homology of mammal forelimbs Humerus Radius and ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Bat Sea lion Lion Chimpanzee Human
  • 17. Order Primates Family Hominidae Subfamily Homininae Squirrel Common monkey Orangutan Gorilla chimpanzee Bonobo Human increase in size of genital structures delayed sexual maturity broad incisors shortened canine teeth enlarged brow ridges elongated skull reduced hairiness large brain no tail more erect posture increased flexibility of thumb Mammal ancestor
  • 18. Breakthroughs in Biology in the Renaissance and later • Why organisms were more diverse than in the Bible • Apparently extinct organisms • Gross anatomical similarities between organisms  Vestigial structures
  • 19. “Useful” trait in primate relative Vestigial trait in human (a) Tail bone (b) Goose bumps
  • 20. Breakthroughs in Biology in the Renaissance and later • Why organisms were more diverse than in the Bible • Apparently extinct organisms • Gross anatomical similarities between organisms • Vestigial structures  Similar embryonic development between species
  • 21. Comparative Embryonic Development Snake Chicken Possum Cat Bat Human Pharyngeal Early slits embryo Tail Intermediate embryo Late embryo
  • 22. Breakthroughs in Biology in the Renaissance and later • Why organisms were more diverse than in the Bible • Apparently extinct organisms • Gross anatomical similarities between organisms • Vestigial structures • Similar embryonic development between species  Evidence that organisms have changed over time
  • 23. Horses and their ancestors Equus Merychippus 1 toe Mesohippus 3 toes Hyracotherium (Eohippus) 3 toes 4 toes Horse ancestor Modern horse 55 40 17 4 Millions of years ago
  • 24. Darwin and the armadillos
  • 25. How can we explain all of this?? • Why organisms were more diverse than in the Bible • Apparently extinct organisms • Gross anatomical similarities between organisms • Vestigial structures • Similar embryonic development between species • Evidence that organisms have changed over time
  • 26. Darwin’s Voyage on the Beagle
  • 27. Individuals who influenced Darwin • Age of the Earth: – Lyell • Similarities between organisms: – Ray – Linnaeus • Fit between organisms and their environments: – Buffon – Lamarck • Economics (?!): — Malthus
  • 28. Charles Lyell: Uniformitarianism • 1830s • Uniformitarianism & deep time
  • 29. Uniformitarianism • Geologic processes (wind and water erosion, sedimentation, flooding, volcanic eruptions) are constant now and have been in the past • These processes take place over a long time • The Earth is really old!
  • 30. John Ray • Late 1600s • Definition of species (reproductive isolation)
  • 31. Carolus Linnaeus: Linnaean Classification of Organisms • 1735 • Taxonomy (study of relationships between organisms) • included humans • differences and similarities between species • descent from a common ancestor
  • 32. Order Primates Family Hominidae Subfamily Homininae Squirrel Common monkey Orangutan Gorilla chimpanzee Bonobo Human increase in size of genital structures delayed sexual maturity broad incisors shortened canine teeth enlarged brow ridges elongated skull reduced hairiness large brain no tail more erect posture increased flexibility of thumb Mammal ancestor
  • 33. Georges Leclerc Comte de Buffon • 1749 • organisms are “well- suited” to their environments • adaptation • but against “transmutation”
  • 34. Jean-Baptiste, Chevalier de Lamarck • Late 1700s • Inheritance of acquired characteristics • first person to try to explain adaptation
  • 35. Lamarck’s Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
  • 36. Thomas Malthus • 1798 • Economist • Populations have finite resources • More individuals born in most species than can survive
  • 38. Charles Darwin • Voyage of the Beagle (1830s) • On the Origin of Species published (1859) • Notice the gap in time…
  • 39. Charles Darwin: Voyage of the Beagle (1830s)
  • 40. What Darwin saw… • Similarities in Galapagos & South American finches • Descent from a common ancestor • Differences seemed to be related to food
  • 41. What Darwin knew… • Knew about Malthus’ idea • Knew about artificial selection • Sexual reproduction produced variation
  • 42. Alfred Russel Wallace: Almost “scooped” Darwin • 1848: Amazonian journey • knew species well-suited to environments • Wrote to Darwin (1858) • 1859 Darwin published On the Origin of Species • Why did Darwin wait?
  • 43. For Natural Selection to Happen, There Must Be: 1. Variation 2. Variation must be heritable 3. Some variants better able to survive OR reproduce than others in a given environment (reproductive fitness = differential reproductive success)  Over time, accumulation of successful variants result in adaptation
  • 44. More about natural selection • Survival only matters until the point of reproduction • Environments contain selective pressures (predators, competition for food / mates) • Environmental context is key (example: wooly mammoths)
  • 45. More about natural selection Geographical isolation can produce new species: – if groups are exposed to different selective pressures in their respective environments – gradually differences will accumulate – groups will no longer be able to interbreed • Individuals survive & reproduce, but populations evolve
  • 46. Evolution Example: “Peppered” Moths in England What’s the selective pressure in the environment? How did the population evolve?
  • 47. Evolution Example: antibiotic-resistant bacteria (example: MRSA) • What’s the selective pressure in the environment? • How did the population evolve?
  • 48. Misconceptions about Evolution • It’s not testable • How does one formulate a testable hypothesis about something that happened in the past? • It’s all about survival • If something exists, it’s the result of natural selection (adaptationism) (example: male nipples)
  • 49. Follow-up Questions • What’s the Great Chain of Being? • What’s the Fixity of Species? • How do geocentric and heliocentric universes differ? • What’s a vestigial trait? • What’s uniformitarianism? What’s deep time? • What’s a species? What’s taxonomy? • What’s the inheritance of acquired characteristics? • What is adaptation? • What is required in order for natural selection to occur?