Statistics about Finland 2011

Statistics about finland 2011
TABLE OF Contents page

1 MAIN LABOUR MARKET CONFEDERATIONS 4
1.1 EMPLOYEES’ CONFEDERATIONS 2010 4
1.2 EMPLOYERS’ CONFEDERATIONS 2010 4
1.3 Distribution of sak’s affiliated unions’ membership
according to sector 1980–2010 4

2 Labour Market 5
2.1 Labour Market Settlements 1969–2009 5
2.2 Trade union density in some EU countries 2008 11
2.3 labour disputes 1990–2009 12

3 POPULATION 12
3.1 population of finland 2010 12
3.2 POPULATION IN EU-COUNTRIES 1.1.2010 13

4 LABOUR FORCE, EDUCATION 14
4.1 LABOUR FORCE 1996–2012 14
4.2 EMPLOYED BY SECTOR 1996–2012 14
4.3 EMPLOYMENT ACCORDING TO EMPLOYER 1990–2010 15
4.4 LABOUR SUPPLY AND DEMAND 1996–2012 15
4.5 EMPLOYMENT RATE 1996–2012 16
4.6 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 1996–2012 16
4.7 EMPLOYMENT RATES IN EU-COUNTRIES 2009 17
4.8 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES IN EU-COUNTRIES 2010 18
4.9 LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT* 1996–2010 19
4.10 Activation Rate 1990–2010 19
4.11 DIFFERENT TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPS 2000–2010 20
4.12 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN LABOUR MARKET PROGRAMMES 2008 20
4.13 Part-time employment in EU-countries 2009 21
4.14 TEMPORARY CONTRACTS IN EU-COUNTRIES 2009 22
4.15 AVERAGE ANNUAL HOURS ACTUALLY WORKED PER
PERSONS EMPLOYED 2009 23

5 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 24
5.1 BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND1) 2008–2012 24
5.2 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 1996–2012 24
5.3 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT IN EU-COUNTRIES 2011 25
5.4 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA IN EU-COUNTRIES 2009 26
5.5 FINLAND’S FOREIGN DEBT 1996–2012 27
5.6 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT NET LENDING 1996–2012 27
5.7 GENERAL GOVERNMENT GROSS DEBT IN EU-COUNTRIES 2010 28

5.8 General government financial balancein ratio
to GDP in the EU-countries (EMU) 2010 29
5.9 INVESTMENTS TO AND FROM FINLAND 1995–2009 30

6 FOREIGN TRADE 30
6.1 CURRENT ACCOUNT 1996–2012 30
6.2 FOREIGN TRADE ACCORDING TO REGIONS 2010 31

7 PAY AND LABOUR COSTS 32
7.1 EMPLOYEES’ NOMINAL AND REAL EARNINGS AND
HOUSEHOLDS’ REAL DISPOSABLE INCOME 1996–2012 32
7.2 EMPLOYEES’ NEGOTIATED PAY, WAGE DRIFT AND REAL
EARNINGS 1990–2010 32
7.3 HOURLY WAGES FOR REGULAR WORKING TIME
IN MANUFACTURING 2000–2010 33
IN CONSTRUCTION 2000–2010 33
7.5 TOTAL LABOUR COSTS IN MANUFACTURING 2009
Production workers 34
7.6 TOTAL AVERAGE SALARIES OF EMPLOYEES
IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR 1996–2009 35
7.7 HOURLY WAGES FOR REGULAR WORKING TIME FOR
AUTOMOBILE TRAFFIC WORKERS 2000–2010 35
7.8 AVERAGE MONTHLY SALARIES FOR REGULAR WORKING
TIME IN THE SERVICE SECTOR 2000–2010 36
7.9 AVERAGE MONTHLY EARNINGS OF SALARIED
EMPLOYEES IN MANUFACTURING 2000–2010 36
7.10 ANNUAL NET EARNINGS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 2009 37
7.11 EMPLOYEES’ REAL DISPOSABLE INCOME 1991–2011 38

8 PRICES 38
8.1 PRICE INDICES 2001–2010 38
8.2 ANNUAL CHANGE IN CONSUMER PRICES 2010 39
8.3 PRICE LEVELS, january 2011 40
8.4 LONG-TERM INTEREST RATES IN some EU-COUNTRIES 2010 41
8.5 INTEREST RATES IN FINLAND 1997:1–2010:12 42
8.6 HELSINKI STOCK INDEX (OMX Helsinki) 1997:1–2010:12 42
8.7 DWELLINGS WITH CENTRAL HEATING: AVERAGE MONTHLY
RENT PER SQUARE METER 1995–2010 43
8.8 AVERAGE DEBT-FREE SELLING PRISE PER SQUARE METER OF
FLATS AND AVERAGE RATE OF HOUSING LOANS 1995–2010 43

9 DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME 44
9.1 DISTRIBUTION OF DISPOSABLE INCOME OF HOUSEHOLDS 1995–2009 44
9.2 Factor Incomes according to source of income 1999, 2007–2009 44

2

9.3 INCOME DIFFERENCES DEVELOPMENT 1966–2009
HOUSEHOLDS DISPOSABLE INCOME 45
9.4 DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL INCOME 2007–2012 45
9.5 INCOME DIFFERENCES IN EU-COUNTRIES 2009 46
9.6 WAGES AND SALARIES AS A PERCENTAGE OF
NATIONAL INCOME 1996–2012 47

10 TAXATION AND CURRENT TRANSFERS 47
10.1 TAX RATE 1996 - 2012 47
10.2 LOCAL GOVERNMENT TAX RATE 1991–2011 48
10.3 TAX REVENUES ON INCOME AND PROPERTY 1990–2009, € bn 48
10.4 TAX REVENUES ON INCOME AND PROPERTY 2009
ACROSS TAXPAYER GROUPS 49
10.5 TAX RATES IN SOME COUNTRIES 2009 49
10.6 INCOME TAX AS A PERCENTAGE OF MANUFACTURING WORKER’S
AVERAGE GROSS INCOME IN SOME COUNTRIES 2009 50
10.7 EMPLOYEES’ CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIAL INSURANCE 1995–2011 50
10.8 EMPLOYERS’ CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIAL
INSURANCE 1996–2011, % OF WAGES AND SALARIES 51
10.9 RECIPIENTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS 1995–2009 51
10.10 Social protection per inhabitant in the EU-countries 2008 52
10.11 Social protection in functions 1995-2009, EUR million 53
10.12 Financing of social protection expenditure, 1995-2009, % 53
10.13 The average retirement age on an occupational pension 1996–2009 54
10.14 Children in full or part time day care (Municipal and private
day care and family day care) 1996–2009 54
10.15 TOTAL NUMBER OF PENSIONERS 1990–2009 55
10.16 OLD AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO 2015–2060 55

11 ELECTIONS 56
11.1 POLITICAL PARTIES SUPPORT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
ELECTIONS 2000, 2004 AND 2008, % 56
11.2 POLICAL PARTIES SUPPORT IN PARLIAMENTARY
ELECTIONS 2007 AND 2011 56
11.3 POLITICAL PARTIES SUPPORT IN EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
ELECTIONS 2004 JA 2009, % 56
11.4 THE CANDIDATES SUPPORT IN SECOND ROUND OF
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 29.1.2006 56

Annex 1 57
Monetary conversion to the 2010 cash 57

Edited by Sanni Halla-aho and Tytti Jäppinen
ISBN 978-951-714-272-4

3

1 MAIN LABOUR MARKET
CONFEDERATIONS
1.1 EMPLOYEES’ CONFEDERATIONS 2010

Organisation Affiliated unions Membership
The Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions 21 1 040 000
The Confederation of Unions for Academic 34 553 000
Professionals in Finland AKAVA
Finnish Confederation of Salaried Employees STTK 20 614 000
Source: The Above Organisations

1.2 EMPLOYERS’ CONFEDERATIONS 2010

Organisation Members Employees
Confederation of Finnish Industries EK 27 afficiated unions, 950 000
16 000 companies
Local Authority Employers in Finland KT 336 local governments, 433 000
145 joint municipal boards
Office for the Goverment as Employer 150 budgetary units 88 000
Finnish Food and Drink Industries 300 companies and 34 000
Federation 2 organisation members
The Church of Finland Negotiating over 450 parishes over 21 000
Commission
The Federation of Agricultural Employers 1 197 companies 10 000
Source: The Above Organisations

1.3 Distribution of sak’s affiliated unions’
membership according to sector 1980–2010, %

1980 1995 2005 2009 2010
Manufacturing 56 45 46 45 44
Transportation 11 11
Private services 20 29 32 23 23
Public services 24 27 22 21 22
Total 100 100 100 100 100
Total membership (x 1 000) 1 032 1 111 1 046 1 043 1 040
Source: SAK

4

2 LABOUR MARKET
2.1 LABOUR-MARKET SETTLEMENTS 1969–2009
Year Agreement Period Increase General Minimum Bran- Average Reforms Related to Centralised
of valid- effective Increase and low-pay chwice increase Agreement
ity from arrange- margin (industrial-
ments % workers) %
% p/h
1969 Liinamaa I 1v 01.01.1969 16 3.9 – removing index terms
27.3.1968 – enabling Act of prices and rents control
– subscription collection agreement
1970 Liinamaa II 1v 01.01.1970 min. 1.0 18 1 5.1 – severance pay system
11.9.1969 – the right to assembly in the workplace
1971 UKK-agreement 15 months 01.01.1971 22 3.00 mk/hour 2 14.3 – minimum wages minimum wages
8.12.1970 01.09.1971 20 3.20 mk/hour – information and education agreements
1972 HL-agreement 1v 01.04.1972 25 3.50 mk/hour 3 7.7 – returning from annual leave –pay rose to 10 %
18.3.1972 of annual leave pay
– improving sick leave benefits
1973 Union-level agreements 50–65 11.1
1974 Lindblom 22 months 01.04.1974 55 4.90 mk/hour 1.2 11.3 – tax reliefs
1st phase 01.09.1974 20 – increasing child allowances, 7-month
19.3.1974 maternity leave
– wage development guarantee
1975 2nd phase 01.04.1975 min. 4.0 50 5.60 mk/hour 1.5
01.09.1975 15
Liinamaa inspection
26.2.1975 01.04.1975 10–25 6.30 mk/hour 0.2 8.7 – increasing child allowances
Total after – separate taxation
inspection 10 months 01.04.1975 min. 5.0 75–90 6.30 mk/hour 1.7 – housing benefit reform

5
cont.

6
ments % workers) %
% p/h
1976 Miettunen mediation 10 months 01.02.1976 min. 3.5 60 6.90 mk/hour 1.5 7.2 – Group life insurance
12.2.1976 – partial disability pension
1977 Liinamaa 2 year 01.03.1977 min. 3.4 45 0.8 5.5 – winter leave
recommendation – wage development guarantee
9.3.1977 – safeguard against devaluation
1st phase
1978 2nd phase 01.03.1978 min. 3.0 40
31.3.78 01.10.1978 2.5 0,1% 1)
Increases after 5.4
transmission
and devaluation 01.05.1978 1.5 (=22) 0.4
negotiations 01.09.1978 min. 3.0 40
1979 01.02.1979 1.0 30 0.1% 1) 0.4 – index term, wage development guarantee
Somerto-Oivio 1 year – extending the winter leave right,
agreement 01.12.1979 1.0 (=17) 0.5 4.9 employment recommendations
26.1.1979 – extension of the sick leave payment period
1980 Union–level 01.03.1980 90 11.3
agreements 01.10.1980 3.0
1981 Pekkanen 2 year 01.03.1981 3.3 (65) 0.5 – reform of the payment basis of
9.3.1981 01.09.1981 2.6 (50) 7.0 sickness benefits and maternity pay
1st phase min. 2.5 – income trend arrangement
cont

ments % workers) %
% p/h
1982 2nd phase 01.03.1982 2.2 (45) 0.4% 1) 0.4
01.10.1982 3.0 8.4 indexation clause (salary adjustment index)
1983 Union-level 01.03.1983 3.15
agreements 01.10.1983 2.25 5.6
1984 Pekkanen
28.3.1984 2 year – indexation clause
1st phase 01.03.1984 3.2 0.4% 1) 4.0 – revised unemployment benefit security scheme
1985 2nd phase 01.03.1985 3.6 3.8 – working time reduced by 32 hours/year
1986 VHS-settlement 2 year 01.03.1986 min. 1.5 (55) 0.3% 1) 0.3 2.8 – indexation clause, earnings development guarantee
16.3.1986 – working time reduced by 16 hrs/yr., 1988
1st phase 16 hrs/yr., 1989 16 hrs/yr., 1990 20 hrs/yr.
1987 2nd phase 01.03.1987 min. 1.7 (64) 0.3% 1) 0.3 3.4 – state support package, including tax cuts
1988 Union-level agreements 2 year 01.03.1988 98–145 5.3

1989 Combined 1 year 01.03.1989 min. 1 40 0.1% 2) 3.6 – employees’ real disposable income to be increased
economic and by 2.5 %
incomes policy – earnings development guarantee of 70 p above
settlement the agreed increase paid in addition to
the general and equality raise
cont.

7

8
ments % workers) %
% p/h
1990 Kallio 2 year 01.03.1990 min. 0.7 30 – state measures, including tax revision
15.01.1990 01.10.1990 min. 0.7 30 0.4% 2) 0.3 5.4 – target for growth in employees’ real disposable
incomes 1990 - 91 4.5%
– earnings development guarantee III/89 - III/90
4% above agreed increase
1991 2nd phase 01.05.1991 min. 0.9 50 0.3% 2) 1.7 – indexation clause, tax-policy measures
15.11.1990 – shop stewards agreement
– working time issues
– adult education, housing and social policy measures
1992 Ihalainen–Kahri 2 year Present 0 0 0 0 0.2 – indexation clause
28.11.1991 agreement – financing of employment pensions
prolonged and the employees’ contribution
to 31.11.1993 – development of agreements’ system
– government measures including maintaining the
level of unemployment benefits
1993 Ihalainen–Kahri 0 0 0 0 0
2nd phase 30.11.1992
1994 Union-level agreements 1 year 1.11.1993 3.2
1995 Union-level agreements 1-2 year 5.2
1996 Economic-, Employment 2 year 1.11.1995 min. 1.8 105 0 2.1 – indexation clause
and Labour Market – earnings development guarantee 1996 and 1997
Policy Agreement – working life development
1996 - 97 29.9.1995 – state measures i.e. concerning taxation and
1st phase 1.10.1996 min. 1.3 65 0.3 3) 1.7 unemployment security
cont.

ments % workers) %
% p/h
1997 2nd phase 0.0
1998 Incomes policy 2 year 1.1.1998 min. 1.6 85 0,3 3) 0.5 2.2 – indexation clause
agreement 1998–1999 – earnings development examination
12.12.1997
1999 2nd phase 1.1.1999 min. 1.6 85 - - 1.9 – quality of working life
– taxation measures
2000 Union-level 3.3
agreements
2001 Incomes policy 2 year 1.2.2001 min. 2.1 120 0,2 2) 0,5 4) 3.0 – monitoring of national economy, indexation clause
agreement – earnings development examination
2001–2002 – system of continuous negotiation
15.12.2000 – development of the world of work
2002 2nd phase 1.3.2002 min. 1.9 107 - 0,3 4) 2.4 – lifelong learning as an integral part of the world of work
(0.18 – working time issues
euro) – taxation measures
– negotiation clause
2003 Incomes policy 2year 1.3.2003 min. 1.8. 17c 0,3 2) 0,8 4) 2.8 5) – indexation clause
agreement (28.39 – evaluation clause
2003–2004 e/month) – goals of continuous negotiation system
2.12.2002 – development of working life
2004 2nd phase 1.3.2004 min. 1.7 16 c 0.5 4) 2.3 5) – employment policy
(26.72 – taxation measures
e/month)
cont.

9

10
ments % workers) %
% p/h
2005 Incomes policy 2 1/2 year 1.3.2005 min. 1.9 18c 0,6 4) 2.5 – indexation clause and guarantee of increased
agreement (30.06 earnings
2005–2007 e/month) – subscriber liability extended through
agreements and legislation
2006 2nd phase 1.6.2006 1.4 0.3 0.4 4) 2.1
– improvements in local collective bargaining
– improvement in employee security during
restructuring of working life
– tax and investment package
– boost for gender equality and training
agreements
agreements
agreements
agreements
1) Effects of so- called low-pay arrangement
2) Equality item
3) Effects of so- called low-pay arrangement + Equality item
4) Sector allowance
5) Involved in the National income policy agreement

2.2 Trade union density in some EU countries 2008

Sweden
Denmark
Finland
Belgium
Luxembourg
Italy
Ireland
Austria
United Kingdom
Greece
Portugal
Czech Republic
Germany
Netherlands
Hungary
Slovakia
Poland
Spain
France

0 20 40 60 80
%

Source: OECD

11

2.3 labour disputes 1990–2009

Year Total number Workers affected Working days lost
of disputes
Number Percentage Number Per worker
x 1 000 of employed x 1 000 affected
1990 455 245 9,9 935 3,8
1991 284 167 7,1 458 2,7
1992 168 104 4,8 76 0,7
1993 124 23 1,1 17 0,7
1994 171 71 3,5 526 7,5
1995 112 127 6,3 869 6,8
1996 94 43 2,1 20 0,5
1997 91 28 1,3 104 3,7
1998 98 35 1,6 133 3,8
1999 65 15 0,7 19 1,3
2000 96 84 3,6 254 3,0
2001 84 22 1,0 61 2,8
2002 76 71 3,0 75 1,1
2003 112 92 3,9 66 0,7
2004 84 25 1,0 42 1,7
2005 365 107 4,4 673 6,3
2006 97 48 2,0 85 1,8
2007 91 90 3,7 95 1,1
2008 92 16 0,6 16 1,0
2009 139 50 2,1 92 1,8
Source: Statistics Finland

3 POPULATION
3.1 population of finland 2010
Total population 5 375 000 100%

Working age population (15–74 y) Under 15 years
888 000 17%
4 043 000 75% Over 74 years
436 000 8%

Labour force Outside the labour force
2 672 000 66% 1 372 000 34%

Employed Unemployed
2 447 000 92% 224 000 8%

Acriculture and Forestry Manufacturing and Construction Services
115 000 5% 560 000 23% 1 762 000 72%
12

3.2 POPULATION IN EU-COUNTRIES 1.1.2010

Country 1 000 000 people
EU-27 501,1
Euro area 329,6
Austria 8,4
Belgium 10,8
Bulgaria 7,6
Cyprus 0,8
Czech Republic 10,5
Denmark 5,5
Estonia 1,3
Finland 5,4
France 64,7
Germany 81,8
Greece 11,3
Hungary 10,0
Ireland 4,5
Italy 60,3
Latvia 2,2
Lithuania 3,3
Luxembourg 0,5
Malta 0,4
Netherlands 16,6
Poland 38,2
Portugal 10,6
Romania 21,5
Slovakia 5,4
Slovenia 2,0
Spain 46,0
Sweden 9,3
United Kingdom 62,0
Source: Eurostat

13

4 LABOUR FORCE, EDUCATION
4.1 LABOUR FORCE 1996–2012 (1 000 pers.)
Year Working Labour Employed Unemployed Outside Unemploy-
age force the labour ment
population force rate, %
(15-74 years)
1996 3 850 2 490 2 127 363 1 360 14,6
1997 3 862 2 484 2 169 314 1 379 12,7
1998 3 878 2 507 2 222 285 1 371 11,4
1999 3 890 2 557 2 296 261 1 333 10,2
2000 3 901 2 589 2 335 253 1 312 9,8
2001 3 909 2 605 2 367 238 1 304 9,1
2002 3 918 2 610 2 372 237 1 308 9,1
2003 3 926 2 600 2 365 235 1 327 9,0
2004 3 935 2 594 2 365 229 1 342 8,8
2005 3 948 2 621 2 401 220 1 327 8,4
2006 3 963 2 648 2 443 204 1 315 7,7
2007 3 981 2 675 2 492 183 1 306 6,9
2008 4 004 2 703 2 531 172 1 301 6,4
2009 4 025 2 678 2 457 221 1 347 8,2
2010 4 043 2 672 2 447 224 1 372 8,4
2011** 4 059 2 695 2 490 205 1 364 7,6
2012** 4 073 2 707 2 512 195 1 366 7,2
Source: Statistics Finland, Ministry of Finance

4.2 EMPLOYED BY SECTOR 1996–2012 (percentage)
Year Agriculture Manu- Construction Services Unknown
and Forestry facturing
1996 7,5 21,7 5,5 65,0 0,3
1997 7,1 21,3 6,0 65,3 0,3
1998 6,5 21,4 6,3 65,6 0,4
1999 6,3 21,3 6,5 65,7 0,3
2000 6,1 21,1 6,4 66,1 0,3
2001 5,7 21,0 6,1 66,8 0,3
2002 5,4 20,7 6,2 67,4 0,3
2003 5,1 19,9 6,4 68,3 0,3
2004 4,9 19,4 6,3 69,1 0,3
2005 5,0 18,3 6,6 69,8 0,2
2006 4,8 18,1 6,7 70,2 0,2
2007 4,7 17,9 7,0 70,1 0,2
2008 4,7 17,5 7,3 70,0 0,5
2009 4,8 16,5 7,1 71,2 0,4
2010 4,7 16,1 7,1 71,6 0,5
2011* 4,7 16,2 7,1 71,3 0,4
2012** 4,6 16,2 7,2 71,4 0,4
since 2009 TOL 2008

14

4.3 EMPLOYMENT ACCORDING TO EMPLOYER 1990–2010
(1 000 pers.)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Employed 2 504 2 099 2 335 2 401 2 447
Employer
Private sector 1 793 1 469 1 692 1 744 1 774
Municipality 482 463 486 506 510
State 226 162 151 147 153
Unknown 3 5 6 3 10

4.4 LABOUR SUPPLY AND DEMAND 1996–2012
1000 persons
2800

Labour supply
2600

Unemployment
2400
Labour demand
2200

2000
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11* 12**


15

4.5 EMPLOYMENT RATE 1996–2012
%
75,0

70,0

65,0

60,0

55,0
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11* 12**

Finland EU-27
Source: Eurostat, Ministry of Finance

4.6 UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 1996–2012
%
20

15

10

5

0
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11* 12**

Finland EU-27
Source: Ministry of Finance, Eurostat

16

4.7 EMPLOYMENT RATES1) IN EU-COUNTRIES 2009, %
Country Total Men Women
EU-27 64,6 70,7 58,6
Euro area 64,7 71,2 58,3
Austria 71,6 76,9 66,4
Belgium 61,6 67,2 56,0
Bulgaria 62,6 66,9 58,3
Cyprus 69,9 77,6 62,5
Czech Republic 65,4 73,8 56,7
Denmark 75,7 78,3 73,1
Estonia 63,5 64,1 63,0
Finland 68,7 69,5 67,9
France 64,1 68,4 60,0
Germany 70,9 75,6 66,2
Greece 61,2 73,5 48,9
Hungary 55,4 61,1 49,9
Ireland 61,8 66,3 57,4
Italy 57,5 68,6 46,4
Latvia 60,9 61,0 60,9
Lithuania 60,1 59,5 60,7
Luxembourg 65,2 73,2 57,0
Malta 54,9 71,5 37,7
Netherlands 77,0 82,4 71,5
Poland 59,3 66,1 52,8
Portugal 66,3 71,1 61,6
Romania 58,6 65,2 52,0
Slovakia 60,2 67,6 52,8
Slovenia 67,5 71,0 63,8
Spain 59,8 66,6 52,8
Sweden 72,2 74,2 70,2
United Kingdom 69,9 74,8 65,0
1) Percentage of persons aged 15–64
Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey

17

4.8 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES1) IN EU-COUNTRIES 2010
Country %
EU-27 9,6
Euro area 10,0
Austria 4,4
Belgium 8,4
Bulgaria 9,9
Cyprus 6,8
Czech Republic 7,4
Denmark 7,4
Estonia 16,9
Finland 8,4
France 9,7
Germany 6,8
Greece 12,5
Hungary 11,2
Ireland 13,5
Italy 8,4
Latvia 19,3
Lithuania 17,8
Luxembourg 4,7
Malta 6,7
Netherlands 4,5
Poland 9,6
Portugal 11,0
Romania 7,5
Slovakia 14,5
Slovenia 7,2
Spain 20,1
Sweden 8,4
United Kingdom 7,8
Source: Eurostat
1) Percentage of persons aged 15–64

18

4.9 LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT* 1996–2010
persons
henk.
160 000

140 000

120 000

100 000

80 000

60 000

40 000

20 000

0
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

*Unemployed for over a year
Source: Ministry of Employment and the Economy

4.10 Activation Rate* 1990–2010
%

40

30

20

10

0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

*The share of people in labour market policy measures of the number of unemployed people and people in measures
Source: Ministry of Employment and the Economy

19

4.11 DIFFERENT TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT
RELATIONSHIPS 2000–2010 (1 000 persons)
Year Emp- Permanent work Fixed term work
loyees Total Propor- Working hours Total Working hours
total tion of Full- Part- Full- Part-
employ- time time time time
ees % work work 1) work work 1)
2000 2 016 1 685 83,5 1 519 166 332 256 76
2001 2 060 1 719 83,5 1 554 165 340 259 81
2002 2 068 1 733 83,8 1 557 176 334 251 82
2003 2 061 1 723 83,6 1 544 179 337 257 80
2004 2 064 1 730 83,8 1 542 188 334 250 84
2005 2 098 1 750 83,4 1 561 189 347 262 85
2006 2 129 1 779 83,6 1 580 199 349 260 89
2007 2 178 1 830 84,0 1 625 205 348 261 87
2008 2 207 1 874 85,0 1 678 196 332 248 84
2009 2 123 1 811 85,4 1 610 201 310 229 81
2010 2 120 1 790 84,5 1 581 209 329 244 85
1) Employees describing themselves as part-time workers

4.12 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN LABOUR MARKET
PROGRAMMES 2008
Denmark
Netherlands
Finland
Ireland
France
Germany
Austria
Portugal
Sweden
Italy
Luxembourg
Poland
Slovakia
Hungary
Active measures
Greece
Passive measures
Slovenia
Czech Republic
Estonia

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
% of GBP
Active = e.g. education, employment assistance, rehabilitation, start-up grant Passive = e.g. unemployment benefit
Source: OECD, Employment Outlook
20

4.13 Part-time employment in EU-countries 2009

EU-27
Euro area
Netherlands
Sweden
Germany
United Kingdom
Denmark
Austria
Belgium
Ireland
Luxembourg
France
Italy
Finland
Spain
Portugal
Malta
Slovenia
Estonia
Romania
Latvia
Poland
Cyprus
Lithuania
Greece
Hungary
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Bulgaria

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0
% of employed

Source: Eurostat

21

4.14 TEMPORARY CONTRACTS IN EU-COUNTRIES 2009

EU-27
Euro area
Poland
Spain
Portugal
Netherlands
Slovenia
Sweden
Finland
Germany
France
Cyprus
Italy
Greece
Austria
Denmark
Hungary
Czech Republic
Ireland
Belgium
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Malta
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Latvia
Estonia
Lithuania
Romania

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
% of employed

Source: Eurostat

22

4.15 AVERAGE ANNUAL HOURS ACTUALLY WORKED
PER PERSONS EMPLOYED 2009
Hungary
Poland
Czech Republic
Italy
USA
Portugal
Japan
Slovakia
Spain
Finland
United Kingdom
Austria
Sweden
Luxembourg
Denmark
France
Belgium
Ireland
Germany
Netherlands

0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500

hours/year

Source: OECD, Employment Outlook

23

5 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
5.1 BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND1) 2008–2012
2010* 2008 2009 2010 2011** 2012**
Billion € Change in volume, %
Gross domestic product at
market prices 180 0,9 -8,2 3,1 3,6 2,7
Imports of goods and services 65 6,5 -17,6 2,6 6,7 4,7
Total supply 245 2,5 -11,0 3,0 4,4 3,3
Exports of goods and services 70 6,3 -20,1 5,1 7,8 5,5
Consumption 142 1,9 -1,2 1,9 1,8 1,4
private 97 1,7 -2,1 2,6 2,0 1,8
public 44 2,4 1,0 0,4 1,2 0,6
Gross formation of fixed capital 33 -0,4 -14,6 0,8 7,1 4,6
private 29 -0,3 -17,4 0,9 8,3 5,2
public 5 -0,7 6,2 0,1 -0,1 1,0
Total demand 245 2,5 -11,0 3,0 4,4 3,3
domestic demand
176 0,6 -6,0 2,4 2,8 2,3
(incl. statistical discrepancy)
1) Figures are based on the revised method of calculating national accounts.

5.2 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 1996–2012
Change in volume, %
8
6
4
2
0
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08* 09* 10* 11** 12**
-2
-4
-6
Finland EU-27
-8
-10
Source: Statistics Finland, Ministry of Finance, Eurostat

24

5.3 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT IN
EU-COUNTRIES 2011* % change
Country %
EU-27 1,7
Euro area 1,5
Austria 1,7
Belgium 1,8
Bulgaria 2,6
Cyprus 1,5
Czech Republic 2,3
Denmark 1,9
Estonia 4,4
Finland 3,6
France 1,6
Germany 2,2
Greece -3,0
Hungary 2,8
Ireland 0,9
Italy 1,1
Latvia 3,3
Lithuania 2,8
Luxembourg 2,8
Malta 2,0
Netherlands 1,5
Poland 3,9
Portugal -1,0
Romania 1,5
Slovakia 3,0
Slovenia 1,9
Spain 0,7
Sweden 3,3
United Kingdom 2,2
Source: Eurostat

25

5.4 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT1) PER CAPITA
IN EU-COUNTRIES 2009
EU-27
EA-16
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Ireland
Austria
Denmark
Sweden
Germany
Belgium
Finland
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Cyprus
Greece
Slovenia
Czech Republic
Malta
Portugal
Slovakia
Hungary
Estonia
Poland
Lithuania
Latvia
Romania
Bulgaria

0 50 100 150 200 250 300
EU-27 = 100

* adjusted by purchasing power parity
Source: Eurostat

26

5.5 FINLAND’S FOREIGN DEBT 1996–20121)
Year Central government debt EMU-debt of general government GDP
€ billion % of GDP € billion % of GDP € billion
1996 66,1 66,7 56,5 57,0 99,1
1997 69,8 65,0 57,9 53,9 107,3
1998 69,8 59,9 56,4 48,4 116,5
1999 68,1 55,7 55,9 45,7 122,2
2000 63,4 48,0 57,9 43,8 132,1
2001 61,8 44,4 59,1 42,5 139,2
2002 59,3 41,3 59,6 41,5 143,5
2003 63,3 43,5 64,8 44,5 145,4
2004 63,8 41,9 67,6 44,4 152,1
2005 60,0 38,2 65,7 41,7 157,3
2006 58,9 35,6 65,7 39,7 165,6
2007 56,1 31,2 63,2 35,2 179,7
2008* 54,4 29,5 63,0 34,1 184,2
2009* 64,3 37,5 75,0 43,8 171,2
2010* 75,2 41,7 87,2 48,4 180,3
2011** .. 43,9 .. 50,1 ..
2012** .. 45,6 .. 51,3 ..
1) markka values for the period before 1.1.1999 has been changed, into Euros at a fixed rate of the Euro,
1 Euro = 5.94573 FIM.
Source: Statistics of Finland, Ministry of Finance

5.6 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT NET LENDING 1996–2012

% of GDP
4

2

0
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11** 12**
-2

-4

-6

-8

Source: Statistics of Finland, Ministry of Finance

27

5.7 GENERAL GOVERNMENT GROSS DEBT
IN EU-COUNTRIES 2010
Country % of GDP
EU-27 79,1
Euro area 84,1
Austria 70,4
Belgium 98,6
Bulgaria 18,2
Cyprus 62,2
Czech Republic 40,0
Denmark 44,9
Estonia 8,0
Finland 49,0
France 83,0
Germany 75,7
Greece 140,2
Hungary 78,5
Ireland 97,4
Italy 118,9
Latvia 45,7
Lithuania 37,4
Luxembourg 18,2
Malta 70,4
Netherlands 64,8
Poland 55,5
Portugal 82,8
Romania 30,4
Slovakia 42,1
Slovenia 40,7
Spain 64,4
Sweden 39,9
United Kingdom 77,8
Source: European Commission, Eurostat

28

5.8 General government financial balance in ratio
to GDP in the EU-countries (EMU) 2010
Country % of GDP
EU-27 -6,8
Euro area -6,3
Austria -4,3
Belgium -4,8
Bulgaria -3,8
Cyprus -5,9
Czech Republic -5,2
Denmark -5,1
Estonia -1,0
Finland -3,1
France -7,7
Germany -3,7
Greece -9,6
Hungary -3,8
Ireland -32,3
Italy -5,0
Latvia -7,7
Lithuania -8,4
Luxembourg -1,8
Malta -4,2
Netherlands -5,8
Poland -7,9
Portugal -7,3
Romania -7,3
Slovakia -8,2
Slovenia -5,8
Spain -9,3
Sweden -0,9
United Kingdom -10,5
Source: European Commission, Eurostat

29

5.9 INVESTMENTS TO AND FROM FINLAND 1995–2009

1995 2000 2005 2006 2007* 2008* 2009*
€ billion
Direct investments,
investment stock
Finnish investments abroad 11,0 56,0 69,4 73,1 79,9 83,4 87,4
Foreign investments in Finland 6,2 26,1 46,5 53,6 62,2 59,7 61,4
Securities investments,
investment stock
Finnish investments
in foreign securities 2,6 54,9 130,8 162,4 173,9 129,2 166,9
Foreign investment
in Finnish securities 50,9 272,3 195,2 219,8 257,9 177,5 203,5
*preliminary knowledge

6 FOREIGN TRADE

6.1 CURRENT ACCOUNT 1996–2012

% of GDP
BKT:sta
10,0

8,0

6,0

4,0

2,0

0,0
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08* 09* 10* 11** 12**


30

6.2 FOREIGN TRADE ACCORDING TO REGIONS 2010

Other Europe
16,0%

EU-countries Asia
55,0% EXPORTS 14,8%

North America
8,2%
Other countries
6,0%

Other Europe
22,2%

EU-countries
55,0% IMPORTS
Asia
14,3%

North America
4,1%
Other countries
4,4%
Source: Board of Customs

31

7 PAY AND LABOUR COSTS

7.1 EMPLOYEES’ NOMINAL AND REAL EARNINGS AND
HOUSEHOLDS’ REAL DISPOSABLE INCOME 1996–2012
Change, %
10
Real disposable income
Nominal earnings
Real earnings

5

0
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11** 12**

-5


7.2 EMPLOYEES’ NEGOTIATED PAY, WAGE DRIFT
AND REAL EARNINGS 1990 - 2010
Negotiated Wage drift Index of Wage Real
Year pay and Salary earnings
index earnings1)
Change from previous year, %
1990 5,5 3,7 9,2 3,0
1991 4,0 2,4 6,4 1,9
1992 0,9 1,0 1,9 -0,7
1993 0,0 0,8 0,8 -1,4
1994 0,7 1,3 2,0 0,9
1995 3,6 1,1 4,7 3,7
1996 3,1 1,1 4,2 3,6
1997 1,3 1,1 2,4 1,2
1998 2,7 0,8 3,5 2,1
1999 1,8 1,0 2,8 1,6
2000 2,8 1,2 4,0 0,6
2001 3,3 1,2 4,5 1,9
2002 2,3 1,2 3,5 1,9
2003 2,9 1,1 4,0 3,1
2004 2,4 1,4 3,8 3,6
2005 2,5 1,4 3,9 3,0
2006 1,7 1,3 2,9 1,3
2007 2,1 1,3 3,4 0,9
2008 4,2 1,3 5,5 1,4
2009 3,6 0,4 4,0 4,0
2010* 2,0 0,5 2,5 1,3
1) without the returning from annual leave –pay
Source: Evaluation Committee for Incomes and Costs
32

IN MANUFACTURING 2000 –2010
Quarter Men Women Total Change from Womens’ earnings
Year € € € previous as a percentage of
year, % mens’
2000 II 11,48 9,67 11,05 4,1 84,2
IV 11,68 9,79 11,24 4,7 83,8
2001 II 12,08 10,16 11,65 5,3 84,1
IV 12,20 10,24 11,76 4,6 83,9
2002 II 12,48 10,50 12,04 3,4 84,1
IV 12,56 10,57 12,12 3,0 84,2
2003 II 12,92 10,90 12,48 3,7 84,4
IV 12,99 10,92 12,55 3,5 84,1
2004 II 13,27 11,19 12,38 2,7 84,3
IV 13,38 11,33 12,91 3,2 84,7
2005 II 13,46 11,42 13,03 1,6 84,8
IV 13,85 11,76 13,38 3,6 84,9
2006 II 13,92 11,77 13,49 3,5 84,6
IV 14,27 12,13 13,80 3,2 85,0
2007 II 14,25 12,07 13,83 2,6 84,7
IV 14,86 12,61 14,37 4,1 84,9
2008 II 14,87 12,57 14,43 4,3 84,5
IV 15,56 13,18 15,04 4,7 84,7
2009 II 15,62 13,14 15,17 5,1 84,1
IV 15,90 13,49 15,41 2,5 84,8
2010 II 15,82 13,36 15,39 1,5 84,5
IV 16,17 13,77 15,70 1,8 85,2
Source: Statistics Finland, Confederation of Finnish Industries

IN CONSTRUCTION 2000–2010
Quarter Men Women Total Change from Womens’ earnings
Year € € € previous as a percentage
year of mens’
2000 II 11,33 8,50 11,26 5,8 75,0
IV 11,68 8,82 11,61 5,9 75,5
2001 II 11,93 8,92 11,85 5,2 74,8
IV 12,10 9,19 12,02 3,5 76,0
2002 II 12,30 9,25 12,22 3,1 75,2
IV 12,46 9,57 12,40 3,1 76,8
2003 II 12,65 9,63 12,57 2,9 76,1
IV 12,78 9,78 12,71 2,5 76,5
2004 II 12,97 9,83 12,89 2,6 75,8
IV 13,20 10,15 13,12 3,1 76,9
2005 II 13,38 10,30 13,29 3,0 77,0
IV 13,70 10,72 13,62 3,7 78,2
2006 II 13,89 10,82 13,80 3,8 77,9
IV 14,19 11,11 14,10 3,6 78,3
2007 II 14,45 11,36 14,35 4,0 78,6
IV 14,89 11,70 14,79 4,9 78,6
2008 II 15,46 12,15 15,36 7,0 78,6
IV 15,64 12,45 15,55 5,1 79,6
2009 II 16,23 13,02 16,13 5,0 80,2
IV 16,19 13,25 16,11 3,6 81,8
2010 II 16,21 13,04 16,11 -0,1 80,4
IV 16,50 13,19 16,40 1,8 79,9
Source: Statistics Finland, Confederation of Finnish Industries
33

7.5 TOTAL LABOUR COSTS IN MANUFACTURING 2009*
Production workers

Denmark
Switzerland
Sweden
Luxembourg
Belgium
France
Finland
Netherlands
Austria
United Kingdom
Germany
Spain
Cyprus
Slovenia
Portugal
Czech Republic
Malta
Hungary
Poland
Estonia
Slovakia
Latvia
Pay for time worked
Lithuania
Other labour costs
Romania
Bulgaria

0 10 20 30 40
Euro/h

Source: Svenskt Näringsliv, Bank of Finland

34

7.6 TOTAL AVERAGE SALARIES OF EMPLOYEES IN THE PUBLIC
SECTOR 1996–20091) (Monthly-salaried, full-time)
Year Government Municipal sector
€ Change/year % € Change/year %
1996 2 000 - 1 825 -
1997 2 016 0,8 1 813 -0,7
1998 2 081 3,2 1 874 3,4
1999 2 148 3,2 1 914 2,1
2000 2 235 4,1 1 986 3,8
2001 2 350 5,1 2 054 3,4
2002 2 449 4,2 2 140 4,2
2003 2 548 4,0 2 205 3,0
2004 2 643 3,7 2 296 4,1
2005 2 737 3,6 2 407 4,8
2006 2 871 4,9 2 482 3,1
2007 3 003 4,6 2 571 3,6
2008 3 218 7,2 2 715 5,6
2009 3 321 3,2 2 801 3,2
1) markka values for the period before 1.1.1999 has been changed into Euros at a fixed rate of the Euro,
1 Euro = 5.94573 FIM.

FOR AUTOMOBILE TRAFFIC WORKERS 2000–2010
(Hourly wages for regular working time, €)
Year Quarter Men Women Total Annual
change, %
2000 II 9,88 9,10 9,85 4,8
IV 9,85 9,11 9,82 2,4
2001 II 10,15 9,43 10,12 2,7
IV 10,15 9,50 10,12 3,1
2002 II 10,47 9,69 10,43 3,1
IV 10,60 9,78 10,57 4,4
2003 II 10,97 10,12 10,93 4,8
IV 11,04 10,33 11,01 4,2
2004 II 11,23 10,43 11,19 2,4
IV 11,31 10,56 11,27 2,4
2005 II 11,82 11,12 11,79 5,4
IV 11,99 11,32 11,95 6,0
2006 II 12,06 11,14 12,02 2,0
IV 12,20 11,38 12,16 1,8
2007 II 12,41 11,53 12,36 2,8
IV 12,57 11,69 12,53 3,0
2008 II 13,23 12,35 13,19 6,7
IV 13,44 12,57 13,40 6,9
2009 II 14,07 13,19 14,02 6,3
IV 14,34 13,48 14,29 6,6
2010 II 14,45 13,57 14,40 2,7
IV 14,55 13,72 14,51 1,5
Source: Statistics Finland, The Confederation of Finnish Industries EK

35

7.8 AVERAGE MONTHLY SALARIES FOR REGULAR WORKING
TIME IN THE SERVICE SECTOR 2000–2010
Year Managers Sales Warehouse Office Hotels and
€ persons personel staff restaurants,
€ € € workers
€
2000 2 009 1 409 1 534 1 961 1 459
2001 2 095 1 490 1 625 2 022 1 521
2002 2 202 1 542 1 674 2 128 1 558
2003 2 245 1 593 1 717 2 162 1 597
2004 2 325 1 625 1 762 2 236 1 640
2005 2 403 1 669 1 819 2 326 1 684
2006 2 490 1 711 1 878 2 424 1 732
2007 2 589 1 896 1 962 2 549 1 812
2008 2 769 1 978 2 050 2 685 1 881
2009 2 850 2 056 2 119 2 755 1 949
2010 2 910 2 130 2 159 2 853 1 978
Source: Confederation of Finnish Industries

7.9 AVERAGE MONTHLY EARNINGS1) OF SALARIED
EMPLOYEES IN MANUFACTURING 2000–2010
Year Non-manual Upper-level Salaried
technical personnel salaried employees employees total
€ € €
2000 2 122 3 256 2 674
2001 2 158 3 257 2 710
2002 2 237 3 386 2 833
2003 2 319 3 544 2 965
2004 2 402 3 683 3 100
2005 2 498 3 821 3 233
2006 2 568 3 923 3 339
2007 2 681 4 116 3 490
2008 2 835 4 305 3 671
2009 2 910 4 373 3 754
2010 2 979 4 456 3 832
Source: Confederation of Finnish Industries
1) For regular working time

36

7.10 ANNUAL NET EARNINGS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
in EU-countries 2009

Eu-27
Euro area
Luxembourg
Ireland
Denmark
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Finland
Austria1)
Sweden
Germany
France
Belgium
Cyprus2)
Spain
Greece
Italy
Malta
Portugal
Slovenia1)
Czech Republic
Estonia1)
Slovakia
Poland
Latvia
Lithuania
Hungary
Romania1)
Bulgaria

0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000

euro

1) Year 2008, 2) Year 2007
Single parent without children

Source: Eurostat

37

7.11 EMPLOYEES’ REAL DISPOSABLE INCOME 1991–2011

Change %
Muutos %
10

5

0
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10* 11**

-5

-10

Source: Evaluation Committee for Incomes and Costs

8 PRICES
8.1 PRICE INDICES 2001–2010
Year Concumer Producer price index Building Import Export
price for manufactured cost price price
index products index index index
2000=100 2000=100 2000=100 2000=100 2000=100
2001 102,6 97,8 102,5 97,1 95,5
2002 104,2 94,7 103,3 94,2 90,4
2003 105,1 92,8 105,2 93,7 86,5
2004 105,3 93,1 107,8 97,1 87,0
2005 106,2 95,0 111,7 103,4 88,6
2006 108,1 99,6 115,9 111,2 92,2
2007 110,8 102,5 122,8 113,9 94,4
2008 115,3 106,3 127,5 117,8 95,5
2009 115,3 100,3 126,1 104,4 86,7
2010 116,7 105,2 127,5 111,3 90,4
38

8.2 ANNUAL CHANGE IN CONSUMER PRICES
in EU-countries 2010

Eu-27
Euro area
Romania
Greece
Hungary
United Kingdom
Bulgaria
Luxembourg
Poland
Estonia
Cyprus
Belgium
Denmark
Slovenia
Spain
Malta
Sweden
France
Austria
Finland
Italy
Portugal
Germany
Czech Republic
Lithuania
Netherlands
Slovakia
Latvia
Ireland

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
%

Source: Eurostat

39

8.3 PRICE LEVELS, january 2011

Switzerland
Norway
Denmark
Japan
Sweden
Finland
Ireland
Luxembourg
France
Belgium
United Kingdom
Iceland
Austria
Netherlands
Germany
Spain
Greece
Italy
Portugal
USA
Slovenia
Estonia
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Hungary
Poland

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Finland = 100

Source: OECD, Main Economic Indicators

40

8.4 LONG-TERM INTEREST RATES IN
some EU-COUNTRIES 2010

Ireland
Greece
Portugal
Slovakia
Poland
Czech Republic
Italy
Spain
Netherlands
Slovenia
Germany
Austria
France
Finland
Belgium
Sweden
Denmark
United Kingdom

0 2 4 6 8

%

Source: OECD

41

8.5 INTEREST RATES IN FINLAND 1997:1–2010:12
%
8

6

4

2

0
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Euribor 3-months 1) Finnish government bonds, 10-year
1) 1997-98 Helibor
Source: Bank of Finland

8.6 HELSINKI STOCK INDEX
(oMX helsinki) 1997:1–2010:12

20 000

15 000

10 000

5 000

0
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Source: Bank of Finland

42

8.7 DWELLINGS WITH CENTRAL HEATING:
AVERAGE MONTHLY RENT PER SQUARE METER 1995–2010
Year Government Non Total Change
subsidized subsidized
€/m2 €/m2 €/m2 % 1)
1995 5,42 5,99 5,72 2,1
1996 5,58 6,26 5,95 3,2
1997 2) 6,11 6,78 6,46 5,3
1998 6,09 7,03 6,59 3,4
1999 6,24 7,28 6,81 3,1
2000 6,39 7,67 7,10 3,7
2001 6,64 7,99 7,42 3,8
2002 6,92 8,21 7,66 3,7
2003 7,16 8,50 7,94 1,3
2004 7,37 8,60 8,07 1,9
2005 7,54 8,81 8,27 2,1
2006 7,68 8,93 8,37 2,0
2007 7,96 9,35 8,72 3,0
2008 8,38 9,73 9,04 3,4
2009 8,93 10,07 9,48 4,0
2010 9,28 10,40 9,86 2,7
1) Same dwellings
2) Since 1997, a different method has been used for computing the average rent. Therefore the data is not

comparable with earlier years.

8.8 AVERAGE DEBT-FREE SELLING PRISE PER SQUARE METER OF
FLATS AND AVERAGE RATE OF HOUSING LOANS 1995–2010
Year Whole country Greater Rest of Finland Avarege interest rate
€/m2 Helsinki area €/m2 €/m2 of housing loans %
1995 866 1 123 723 7,99
1996 927 1 239 773 6,37
1997 1 097 1 527 895 6,15
1998 1 206 1 703 974 5,63
1999 1 313 1 910 1 040 5,02
2000 1 299 1 916 976 6,49
2001 1 292 1 907 970 5,27
2002 1 400 2 112 1 028 4,74
2003* 1 489 2 247 1 093 3,55
2004 1 596 2 386 1 185 3,37
2005 1 705 2 535 1 271 3,22
2006 1 853 2 783 1 368 4,19
2007 1 978 3 004 1 443 4,99
2008 1 943 2 929 1 429 4,83
2009 2 017 3 071 1 542 2,12
2010 2 134 3 276 1 619 2,05
*) Calculating system has changed.
Source: Statistics Finland, Bank of Finland

43

9 DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
9.1 DISTRIBUTION OF DISPOSABLE INCOME OF
HOUSEHOLDS 1995–2009 (Breakdown of income, %)
Decile 1995 2000 2005 2009
I 4,5 3,9 3,7 3,6
II 6,3 5,5 5,4 5,4
III 7,2 6,4 6,4 6,5
IV 8,0 7,3 7,4 7,5
V 8,8 8,2 8,4 8,5
VI 9,7 9,2 9,3 9,5
VII 10,6 10,2 10,4 10,6
VIII 11,8 11,5 11,8 11,9
IX 13,4 13,4 13,8 14,0
X 19,7 23,4 23,5 22,6
Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

9.2 Factor Incomes according to
source of income 1999, 2007–2009
EUR/household Change % Change %
1999 2007 2008 2009 1999-2009 2008-2009
Wages and salaries 24292 28466 28880 28366 16,8 -1,8
Incentive stock options 0 165 96 55 -42,7
Entrepreneurial income 2541 2757 2571 2253 -11,3 -12,4
Agricultural entrepreneurial income 509 454 441 410 -19,4 -7,0
Forestry entrepreneurial income 496 542 430 270 -45,6 -37,2
Other entrepreneurial income 1535 1760 1700 1572 2,4 -7,5
Property income 2715 4148 3370 2843 4,7 -15,6
Dividend income 843 1399 1427 1294 53,5 -9,3
Gains 1330 1871 1057 640 -51,9 -39,5
other property income 159 451 448 450 183,0 0,4
Factor Incomes 29548 35371 34821 33462 13,2 -3,9

Gini coefficient, persentage persentage
point point
%, Factor Incomes 49,9 49,8 48,9 49,4 -1,0 1,0

44

9.3 INCOME DIFFERENCES DEVELOPMENT 1966–2009
HOUSEHOLDS DISPOSABLE INCOME1)
Year 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Gini-coefficient 31,8 27,0 21,6 20,5 20,5 19,9 20,3 20,5 20,4
Year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year 2009
Gini-coefficient 27,6
Household disposable income= wages and salaries + enterpreneurial income + property income + current transfers
received - current transfers paid.
The higher value the Gini coefficient gets, the more unequally revenues are distributed.
1) Calculating system has changed –1993

9.4 DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL INCOME 2007–2012
2010* 2007 2008 2009* 2010* 2011** 2012**
Percentage Change %
Wages and salaries 48,0 6,1 6,6 -1,3 1,9 4,5 4,1
Employers’ social 11,5 5,2 7,0 -3,3 1,3 5,3 4,7
contributions
Households’ entrepreneurial 8,3 -0,2 -6,8 20,1 14,1 -2,5 -0,5
income
from agriculture 0,5 22,5 -29,1 -4,9 -8,2 5,0 2,0
from forestry 1,1 69,9 -2,3 -27,3 16,7 2,0 -1,0
from other sources 3,5 -13,2 -4,2 37,1 13,4 7,0 4,0
Property and other 26,5 16,4 -4,5 -19,8 17,3 6,1 7,7
entrepreneurial income
Taxes on production and
imports minus subsidies 14,0 3,4 1,5 -3,6 3,9 11,5 4,4
National income 100,0 7,4 2,6 -7,0 5,8 6,0 5,2
Disposable income 7,4 2,5 -7,2 6,0 5,9 5,2
Source: Statistics Finland, Ministry of Finance, ETLA

45

9.5 INCOME DIFFERENCES IN EU-COUNTRIES 2009

Eu-27
Euro area
Latvia
Lithuania
Portugal
Romania
Bulgaria
Greece
United Kingdom
Spain
Italy
Poland
Estonia
France
Luxembourg
Germany
Ireland
Cyprus
Malta
Netherlands
Denmark
Belgium
Finland
Austria
Czech Republic
Sweden
Slovakia
Hungary
Slovenia

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Gini coefficient

The higher value the Gini coefficient gets, the more unequally revenues are distributed.
Source: Eurostat

46

9.6 WAGES AND SALARIES AS A PERCENTAGE OF
NATIONAL INCOME 1996–2012
%
65

60

55

50
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08* 09* 10* 11** 12**


10 TAXATION AND CURRENT
TRANSFERS
10.1 TAX RATE 1996–2012
% of GDP
50

48

46

44

42

40
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11** 12**
Source: OECD, Ministry of Finance

47

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