It contain the basic of programming languages. It also include the basis topic like need of PPL.

1. JIT BarabankiMr Satyendra Mohan Srivastava

2. 7/2/2018 Mr Satyendra Mohan Srivastava, JIT Barabanki 2
Programming language
Programming language can be define as following:
1) Tool for instructing machine
2) Means for communicating between programmers
3) Vehicle for expressing high level design
4) Notation for algorithms and data structures
5) It acts as a tool for experiment
6) Controlling computerized devices

3. 7/2/2018 Mr Satyendra Mohan Srivastava, JIT Barabanki 3
Why study programming
languages
There are various reason regarding the study of programming languages but
following are six main reasons:
1) To improve your ability to develop effective algorithms
2) To improve your use of your existing programming language
3) To increase your vocabulary of useful programming constructs
4) To allow a better choice of programming language
5) To make it easier to learn a new language
6) To make it easier to design a new language

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Why study programming
languages
Reason 1: To improve your ability to develop effective algorithms
 The depth at which people can think is heavily influenced by the expressive power
of their language.
 It is difficult for people to conceptualize structures that they cannot describe,
verbally or in writing.
Reason 2: To improve your use of your existing programming language
 Many professional programmers have a limited formal education in computer
science, limited to a small number of programming languages.
 They are more likely to use languages with which they are most comfortable than
the most suitable one for a particular job.

5. 7/2/2018 Mr Satyendra Mohan Srivastava, JIT Barabanki 5
Why study programming
languages
Reason 3: To increase your vocabulary of useful programming constructs
 Computer science is consider as a young discipline and most software technologies
(design methodology, software development, and programming languages) are not yet
mature. Therefore, they are still evolving.
 The understanding of programming language design and implementation makes it
easier to learn new languages.
Reason 4: To allow a better choice of programming language
 It is often necessary to learn about language implementation; it can lead to a better
understanding of why the language was designed the way that it was.
 Fixing some bugs requires an understanding of implementation issues.

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Why study programming
languages
Reason 4: To allow a better choice of programming language
 Some languages are better for some jobs than others.
(i) FORTRAN and APL for calculations, COBOL and RPG for report generation, LISP
and PROLOG for AI, etc.
 Improve your use of existing programming language
 By understanding how features are implemented, you can make more efficient use of
them.

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Why study programming
languages
Reason 5: To make it easier to learn a new language
 To improve your use of existing programming language
 By understanding how features are implemented, you can make more
efficient use of them.
Examples:
 Creating arrays, strings, lists, records.
 Using recursions, object classes, etc.

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Why study programming
languages
Reason 6: To make it easier to design a new language
 Designing a new language require prior knowledge of previous one to make it
effective, efficient and convenient to users.
 The previous knowledge as well as concepts are usual to design a new language
irrespective of their work domains.

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History of Programming
Languages
1950s: FORTRAN, LISP
1970s: Ada, C, Pascal, Prolog, Smalltalk
1980s: C++, ML, Perl, Postscript
1990s: Java
According to recent survey, Over 500 languages were used in defense projects by USA.

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History of Programming
Languages
S.No. Application Primary Language Secondary
Language
1 Business COBOL Assembler
2 Scientific FORTRAN ALGOL, APL and
Basic
3 System Assembler Jovial, Forth
4 AI LISP SNOBOL
5 Business COBOL, C++, JAVA,
SPREAD SHEET
C, PL/I
6 Scientific FORTRON, C, C++,
JAVA
Ada, Basic, Modula
7 System C, C++, JAVA Ada, Basic, Modula
8 New Paradigm ML, Small Talk, ML

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Development of Early Languages
Numerically based languages
In 1940s, WWII is used to solving differential equations.
In 1950s, symbolic notations appear
Grace Hopper introduced the A-0 language
John Backus introduced Speedcoding
Both Speedcoding and A-0 were designed to compute arithmetic expressions into
executable machine language.
FORTRAN, meaning FORmula TRANSlator and ALGOL are the example of numerical
based languages

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Development of Early Languages
Business Languages
Cobol was standardized in 1968.
Artificial-intelligence languages
The Rand Corporation designed and developed the Information Processing Language
(IPL). John McCarthy of MIT designed and developed LIst PRocessing (LISP).
Systems languages
C changed the systems area, but that did not come until the 1970s.

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What makes a good language
 Attributes of a good language
(i) Clarity, simplicity, unity
Orthogonality: The term Orthogonality refers to the attribute being able to
combine various features of a language in all possible
combination with every combination being meaningful.
(ii) Naturalness
(iii) Verification and validation
(iv) Cost of use

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Problem Solving
 Defining the system
 Analyzing the define system
 Detail system specification
 Design the system
 Implement the design
 Testing and Debugging
 Validation

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Programming Environment
 It refers to the environment in which programs are created, designed
and tested.
 It consist of a set of support tools and command language for invoking
them.

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