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2. • Quarrying is the process of collecting stones from the natural rock
surfaces.
• Quarrying of stone is completely different from mine. Mine belongs to
underground operation only whereas quarry is carried out on exposed
surface of natural rocks.
• The stones collected through quarrying is used for various engineering
purposes

3. Quarrying of stones
Site selection for quarrying
 Consideration for starting of quarrying
Methods of quarrying
Tools for blasting
Materials for blasting
Process of blasting
Precautions of blasting

4. Site Selection for Quarrying of Stones
• The site should be near to human living areas where labor and tools are always
available, required materials also should be available.
• At least one of type transportation facilities (road or railway or port or all) should be
available.
• Clean water source should be available near the quarry site.
• Good quality and quantity of stone should be available.
• The site should be far from permanent structures like bridges, dams etc. because
the vibrations due to blasting in the site may cause harm to them.
• Non-living area should be available to dump the refuse obtained in quarrying.
• Proper drainage facility should be available.
• Geological information of site should be read

5. Considerations for Quarrying of Stones
• The rock surface should be properly checked for cracks and fissures. The presence of
these may cause planes in the stones, along which they may split. Then, the
quarrying will be easy and quick as well as economical.
• Layout should be prepared which contains different stages involved in quarrying
operation.
• The machines used should be tested to operate them easily and quickly.
• If the top surface of site contains soft soil, then it should be removed and dumped.
• The removal of stones should be done carefully otherwise there may be chances of
landslides or slips which can cause severe damage to the lives of labor.

6. Methods of Quarrying
Quarrying can be done by three methods as follows:
Hand tools
Machine quarrying
Blasting

7. In case of soft stones or for smaller works, quarrying is done by
using hand tools. There are various ways to quarry using hand
tools and they are:
• Excavating
• Heating
• Wedging

8. Excavating:
Excavating is preferred in case of soft stone surfaces. Hammers, pick axes, shovels are
used to excavate the stones.
Heating:
The top surface of rock is heated by placing wood with fuel on it. The fire will be allowed
for some hours and the top surface gets heated and separates from the rock.
This separated portion is removed by pick axes, crowbars etc.
The stones obtained by heating will be in good shape So, the stone obtained will be
directly used for masonry work

9. Wedging:
 This method is applicable when the rock contains cracks or joints in it.
 Steel wedges or steel points are put in these cracks and hit them with hammer. Then
the rock portion separates from parent rock.
 If natural cracks are there, then artificial holes are drilled in the rock and wedging is
done.

10. Machine Quarrying of Stones
• Machine quarrying is done by using channeling machines in the site. This type of
machine is driven by steam, compressed air or electricity. A groove is made using this
machine around the rock and the horizontal holes are drilled underneath the block.
Hence, the block gets separated from its bed. A large groove of 24-meter length and 50
to 75 mm width and with a depth about 2 to 3.7 meter can be made using channeling
machine..

11. Blasting for Quarrying of Stones
In this method explosives are used to separate the stones from parent rock. This
process is applied in case of hard stone or hard rock which does not contain any
cracks The holes are drilled in the rock and explosives are arranged in the holes and
blasted with proper safety measures The stones obtained through this process are
not larger in size. So, the main purpose of blasting is to obtain small stones which are
used as ballast for railway works, aggregate in concrete works etc

12. Dressing of Stones
Stones obtained from quarrying does not contain required shapes and sizes. So,
they are cut into required sizes and shapes with suitable surfaces. This process is
called dressing of stones. and it is carried out for the following purpose:
• To get the desired appearance from stone work
• To make the transform quarry to easy and economical
• To suit to the requirement of stone masonry
• To take the advantage of local men near quarry how are trained for such type
of works
• Dressing of stones provides good appearance to stones and makes them useful
for masonry works

14. After dressed of stones

15. Method of dressing of stones
• Dressing of stones can be done both manually or
mechanically.
• Manually, Skilled workers can work wonders on
suitable types of stones with chisels, hammers
and abrasives.
• Mechanically, special saw fitted machines can cut
slabs and any other shape from rough rocks.
These are called rock cutters.

17. The Traditional Dressing methods applied in manual dressing are
described below:
Pitched dressing:
In this method, only the edges of a block are levelled skilfully by use of
hammers. The surface is left in original cut.
Hammer Dressing:
In this method of dressing edge as well as the face are reduced to even
regular surface. It has pitted appearance on the surface.
Chisel Dressing:
In this method straight grooves are made with the help of a chisel at all
four edges. The superfluous stone from the centre is removed. Chisel
drafted stones are specially used in plinths and corner of the building

19. Rough Tooling:
The edges are first made square by using chisel and hammer. Then a series of
grooves of variable width are developed over the surface of stone.
Punched Dressing:
It is done on the stone that have been already been roughed. A series of parallel
ridges are made on the stone surface using hammer and chisel. It is also called
furrowed finish
Closed picked fine tooling:
This is extreme type of dressing in which almost every type of projecting
irregularity is removed from all four sides of stones. Its surface is given fine
finish and an appealing look.

20. Boasted Finish:
It is a very common type of finish in which the surface of the stone is
covered with parallel marks that may run in a particular direction on a
particular face. A boaster which is actually a wide-edge chisel is used for
the purpose and hence the same
Numerous other types of finishes are given to stones in the dressing
process depending upon the skill of the worker and fancy of the owner.

21. Moulded finish:
The surface of stone can be moulded in any desired shape so as to improve the
appearance of the work. The moulding can be made either by hand or machine.