3.  Social interaction and private intellectual
life
 Any disturbance due to brain disease-
functional loss more grave than blindness,
deafness and paralysis

4.  Symbolic representation of objects, actions
and events
 Mirror of higher mental activity
 Means of communication between patient
and physician- medium of delicate
interpersonal transaction

5.  Developing and using verbal symbols for our
ideas
 Transmitting those ideas by written or
spoken word
 Facility to use our hands
 Both language and manual dexterity are
functions of dominant hemisphere

6.  Seen in other animals – by vocalization or
gestures
 It is a feeling or reaction of that moment
 Earliest modes of emotional expression
appear in infancy
 Emotional expression is well developed in
human infants even when cerebrum is
immature

7.  Utterancesused to express joy, anger, fear
are retained even after destruction of all
language areas in the dominant hemisphere

8.  Essence of language
 Means of transferring ideas from one person
to another
 Learned – subject to social and cultural
influences of the environment
 Learnt only after nervous system has
attained a certain level of maturity

9. involves
 comprehension,
 formulation and transmission of ideas and
feelings
 using verbal symbols, sounds, gestures
 their sequential ordering according to
accepted rules of grammar

10. Needs
 Thinking
 Analysis
 Synthesis
 Creativity

11.  Derangement of language reflects an
abnormality of brain – specifically the
dominant hemisphere
 Speech disorder may have a similar origin,
but not necessarily; it may be a result of
abnormalities in different parts or
extracerebral mechanisms

12.  Speechrefers to articulation and phonetic
aspects of verbal expression

13. Exophasia = external speech
 Expression of thought by spoken or written
words, comprehension of spoken or written
words of others
 Almost continuous when humans gather

14. Introphasia = internal speech
Silent process of thought and formulation in
our minds of unspoken words

15.  Arcuate fasciculus connects sensory and
motor speech areas
 Short association fibres connect Broca’s area
with lower part of motor cortex that
innervates muscles of lips, tongue and
pharynx

16.  Perisylvian cortical areas connected to
2. Striatum, thalamus
3. Corresponding areas in non- dominant
hemisphere via corpus callosum and anterior
commissure

17.  Modulative aspects of language
Prosody
 Melody of speech
 Its intonation, inflection, and its pauses
 All these have emotional overtones
 Prosody and gestures accompanying them
enhance the meaning of spoken word

18.  Speech is endowed with richness and vitality
 Aprosody is seen in lesions involving inferior
division of right Middle cerebral artery