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Ch8ppt special senses 1
1.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide
Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Special Senses 8 PART A Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2.
The Senses Special
senses Smell Taste Sight Hearing Equilibrium Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3.
Structure of the
Eye Figure 8.4a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4.
Structure of the
Eye: The Fibrous Layer Sclera White connective tissue layer Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye” Cornea Transparent, central anterior portion Allows for light to pass through Repairs itself easily The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
Structure of the
Eye: Vascular Layer Choroid is a blood-rich nutritive layer in the posterior of the eye Pigment prevents light from scattering Modified anteriorly into two structures Ciliary body—smooth muscle attached to lens Iris—regulates amount of light entering eye Pigmented layer that gives eye color Pupil—rounded opening in the iris Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6.
Structure of the
Eye: Sensory Layer Retina contains two layers Outer pigmented layer Inner neural layer Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors) Rods Cones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7.
Structure of the
Eye: Sensory Layer Signals leave the retina toward the brain through the optic nerve Optic disc (blind spot) is where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball Cannot see images focused on the optic disc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8.
Structure of the
Eye: Sensory Layer Figure 8.5a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9.
Structure of the
Eye: Sensory Layer Neurons of the retina and vision Rods Most are found towards the edges of the retina Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision All perception is in gray tones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10.
Structure of the
Eye: Sensory Layer Neurons of the retina and vision Cones Allow for detailed color vision Densest in the center of the retina Fovea centralis—area of the retina with only cones No photoreceptor cells are at the optic disc, or blind spot PLAY The Eye: The Retina Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11.
Structure of the
Eye: Sensory Layer Cone sensitivity Three types of cones Different cones are sensitive to different wavelengths Color blindness is the result of the lack of one cone type Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12.
Sensitivities of Cones
to Different Wavelengths Figure 8.6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13.
Lens Biconvex crystal-like
structure Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body PLAY The Eye: Lens and Retina Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
14.
Lens Figure 8.4a Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15.
Lens Cataracts result
when the lens becomes hard and opaque with age Vision becomes hazy and distorted Eventually causes blindness in affected eye Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
16.
Lens Figure 8.7 Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
17.
Two Segments, or
Chambers, of the Eye Anterior (aqueous) segment Anterior to the lens Contains aqueous humor Posterior (vitreous) segment Posterior to the lens Contains vitreous humor Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
18.
Anterior Segment Aqueous
humor Watery fluid found between lens and cornea Similar to blood plasma Helps maintain intraocular pressure Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea Reabsorbed into venous blood through the scleral venous sinus, or canal of Schlemm PLAY The Eye: Interior Parts of the Eye Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
19.
Posterior Segment Vitreous
humor Gel-like substance posterior to the lens Prevents the eye from collapsing Helps maintain intraocular pressure PLAY The Eye: Posterior Cavity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
20.
Pathway of Light
Through the Eye Light must be focused to a point on the retina for optimal vision The eye is set for distance vision (over 20 feet away) Accommodation—the lens must change shape to focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21.
Pathway of Light
Through the Eye Figure 8.9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22.
Pathway of Light
Through the Eye Image formed on the retina is a real image Real images are Reversed from left to right Upside down Smaller than the object Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
23.
Images Formed on
the Retina Figure 8.10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
24.
A Closer Look
Emmetropia—eye focuses images correctly on the retina Myopia (nearsighted) Distant objects appear blurry Light from those objects fails to reach the retina and are focused in front of it Results from an eyeball that is too long Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25.
A Closer Look
Hyperopia (farsighted) Near objects are blurry while distant objects are clear Distant objects are focused behind the retina Results from an eyeball that is too short or from a “lazy lens” Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
26.
A Closer Look
Astigmatism Images are blurry Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
27.
Homeostatic Imbalances of
the Eyes Night blindness—inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night Color blindness—genetic conditions that result in the inability to see certain colors Due to the lack of one type of cone (partial color blindness) Cataracts—when lens becomes hard and opaque, our vision becomes hazy and distorted Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
28.
Homeostatic Imbalances of
the Eyes Glaucoma—can cause blindness due to increasing pressure within the eye Hemianopia—loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes; results from damage to the visual cortex on one side only Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29.
The Ear Houses
two senses Hearing Equilibrium (balance) Receptors are mechanoreceptors Different organs house receptors for each sense Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30.
Anatomy of the
Ear The ear is divided into three areas External (outer) ear Middle ear (tympanic cavity) Inner ear (bony labyrinth) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
31.
Anatomy of the
Ear Figure 8.12 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
32.
The External Ear
Involved in hearing only Structures of the external ear Auricle (pinna) External acoustic meatus (auditory canal) Narrow chamber in the temporal bone Lined with skin and ceruminous (wax) glands Ends at the tympanic membrane Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
33.
The Middle Ear
(Tympanic Cavity) Air-filled cavity within the temporal bone Only involved in the sense of hearing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.
The Middle Ear
(Tympanic Cavity) Two tubes are associated with the inner ear The opening from the auditory canal is covered by the tympanic membrane The auditory tube connecting the middle ear with the throat Allows for equalizing pressure during yawning or swallowing This tube is otherwise collapsed Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.
Bones of the
Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity) Three bones (ossicles) span the cavity Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrip) Function Vibrations from eardrum move the malleus anvil stirrup inner ear Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
36.
Anatomy of the
Ear Figure 8.12 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
37.
Inner Ear or
Bony Labyrinth Includes sense organs for hearing and balance A maze of bony chambers within the temporal bone Cochlea Vestibule (static equilibrium – position of head) Semicircular canals (dynamic equilibrium – movement of head) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
38.
Organs of Equilibrium Figure
8.14a–b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
39.
Mechanism of Hearing Figure
8.16a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
40.
Olfaction—The Sense of
Smell Olfactory receptors are in the roof of the nasal cavity Neurons with long cilia Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for detection Impulses are transmitted via the olfactory nerve Interpretation of smells is made in the cortex Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
41.
The Sense of
Taste Taste buds house the receptor organs Location of taste buds Most are on the tongue Soft palate Cheeks Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
42.
Taste Buds Figure 8.18 Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
43.
Taste Sensations Sweet
receptors (sugars) Saccharine Some amino acids Sour receptors Acids Bitter receptors Alkaloids Salty receptors Metal ions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
44.
Chemical Senses: Taste
and Smell Both senses use chemoreceptors Stimulated by chemicals in solution Taste has four types of receptors Smell can differentiate a large range of chemicals Both senses complement each other and respond to many of the same stimuli Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
45.
Developmental Aspects of
the Special Senses Formed early in embryonic development Eyes are outgrowths of the brain All special senses are functional at birth Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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