2. Objectives
1. Discuss Schooling vs. Education
2. Discuss the Art & Science of Teaching
3. Discuss Teaching as a Profession
4. Identify and Describe Professional
Organizations
5. Identify and Describe the
Characteristics of Effective Teachers
6. List the Principles of Teaching &
Learning
4. ed-u-ca-tion [ej-oo-key-shun]
noun
1. the act or process of imparting or acquiring general
knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning
and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or
others intellectually for mature life.
2. the act or process of imparting or acquiring
particular knowledge or skills, as for a profession.
3. a degree, level, or kind of schooling: a university
education.
4. the result produced by instruction, training, or
study: to show one's education.
5. the science or art of teaching; pedagogies.
5. school-ing [skoo-ling]
noun
1. the process of being taught in a
school.
2. instruction, education, or training,
especially when received in a
school.
3. the act of teaching.
6. The Purpose of Education
Education is:
– an adventure of the self – of private
purpose and experience.
Schooling is:
– A sociopolitical invention that seeks to
design a context or contexts for
shaping many “self’s”
– Children can become educated
without schools.
•From John I Goodlad, 1997.
7. The Purpose of Education
For schooling:
• education should be guided and
conducted to advance not just the
maturation of self, but also some public
need or good.
• The definition of public need or good
varies widely from society to society.
• “Don’t let schooling get in the way of
your education”. Mark Twain.
8. The Purpose of Education
•Transmit Culture
•Self Discipline
•Teach Values
•Teach About Life
•Teach How to Learn
“Give children a desire to learn and to teach them
how to use their minds and where to go to acquire
facts when their curiosity is aroused.” ~Elanor
Roosevelt
10. Teaching is a science
• Study and explanation of
learning
• Systematic process
• Body of knowledge
• An applied science based on research
• Methods of teaching and the
learning environment can be
organized on a scientific or
objective basis
- Good plans, good tests, organized
presentations
11. Teaching is an art
• Artistic process achieving an end
product
• Imagination, intuition, skill
• Category of artistic activity
• Improv, performance art, dynamic,
unique, what, how, & when, to do
• Trade and a craft
• The practice of your trade, is indeed an
artistic process, extreme multi-tasking
• Skills depend greatly upon
personality variables
- Enthusiasm, caring, helpful
12. A vision and a reality
• Teaching is the most difficult of all arts
and the profoundest of all sciences.”
– Horace Mann
• Education is an admirable thing, but it is
well to remember from time to time that
nothing that is worth knowing can be
taught.
– Oscar Wilde
• What does education often do? It makes
a straight-cut ditch of a free, meandering
brook.
– Henry David Thoreau
14. Four Characteristics of
a Profession
• Defined body of knowledge
beyond the grasp of the public
• Control over licensing,
certification, and entry
requirements
• Autonomy in making decisions
• High prestige and economic status.
– From: O. Stein, 1981.
15. Teaching as a Profession
Doctors & Lawyers argue that a profession
involves…
• Lifelong career commitment
• Social service
• Intellectual technique
• Code of ethics
• Independent judgment relative to professional
performance
Does it possess a specialized body of
knowledge?
16. Educational Organizations
• Professional Organizations (ACTE, NAAE)
– Develop in-service for teachers
– Represent members politically
– Provide teacher resources (journals, supplies)
– Insurance
• Teacher Unions (NEA, AFT)
– Professional in-service
– Collective Bargaining
– Insurance
• Trade organizations
– Specific to technical areas (e.g., NCBA, AWS,
etc.)
19. Measures of “effective teaching”?
•Student Learning
– Gain in student knowledge is the
best indicator of teaching
effectiveness
20. Being an Effective Teacher!
• Research on Teacher Effectiveness
consistently finds 5 variables that
are highly correlated with student
learning
1. Clarity
2. Variability
3. Enthusiasm
4. Task-Oriented & Businesslike
Behaviors
5. Opportunity to Learn Criterion
Material (Objectives)
Rosenshien & Furst (1971)
21. Clarity
• Organization of the
content
• Concepts & content
clearly explained
• Gives multiple
examples
• Points out practical
application
• Repeats difficult
ideas
• Assignments &
directions are clear
24. Task-oriented & Business
Like Behaviors
• Objectives
• Concerned with
learning
• Encourages hard
and creative work
• Organization
from syllabus on
first day, to
objectives of daily
lesson, to
assessment
• Timing & pacing
25. Opportunity to Learn
Criterion Material
(Objectives)
• Teach to
established
objectives
• Relationship
between
objectives,
instruction and
assessment
27. Principles of Learning &
Teaching
1. Subject matter must possess
meaning, organization, &
structure
2. Readiness is a prerequisite for
learning, begin at the students
level
3. Students must be motivated to
learn
4. Students will rise to the level of
expectation
28. Principles of Learning &
Teaching
5. Success is a motivating source.
6. Students must be provided with
their learning progress.
7. Reinforced behaviors are more
likely to be learned.
8. Directed learning is more effective
than undirected learning.
29. Principles of Learning &
Teaching
9. Students should “Inquire into” vs.
being “instructed in” the subject
matter.
10. Students learn what they practice
and apply – in a supervised
educational setting.
