Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

1. DENTAL
PRODUCTS
BY PROF. SAMREEN KHAN

2. ORAL HYGIENE

3. POOR DENTAL
HEALTH

4. Teeth are accessory of digestive
system

5. TOOTH : CONSISTS OF THREE
LAYERS
Enamel: A white, hard material covering the portion of
tooth projecting above the gum.
Dentine: Which surrounds the pulp cavity and extends
through out the entire portion of tooth.
Cementum: A layer covering the portion of tooth lying
buried in the gum.
Crow
n
Nec
k
Roo
t

7. DENTAL PRODUCTS
Anticaries Agent
Dentifrices or Cleaning
agent
Polishing agents
Desensitizing agents

8.  DENTAL CARIES
Dental Caries is the
medical term for tooth
decay or cavity • Streptococcus
Mutans are the
bacteria which feast
upon sugar and
starch present on
teeth surface.
• This bacterial
metabolism
produces acids that
eats away the
enamel causing
weak spots and
cavities.
• Many different types of bacteria normally line in human mouth. They build up on teeth
in sticky film called Plaque.
• These plaque forms more easily in certain parts, these include cracks, pits or grooves
in the back teeth, in between teeth and near the gum line.

9. HOW DOES CAVITY
FORMS?
Some of
plaque bacteria
Turns Sugars/
carbohydrates
into acids
This acid dissolves
minerals in the hard
enamel that covers
the tooth crown.
The enamel erodes
and gets larger over
time
Acids can also seep
through the pores
into enamel and this
is the beginning of
decay of soft dentin
layer, the main body
of tooth
As the dentin
breaks down, the
enamel over it can
collapse, forming
a cavity

10. • A mucin rich saliva has less cleansing action on tooth and therefore, helps to
develop caries.
• Poor nutrition of infant and mother at time of infancy and childhood results in
poor architecture of the teeth which become susceptible to development of
caries in the early age.

11. ROLE OF FLUORIDE IN PREVENTING THE DENTAL
CARIES
• When a fluoride having salt or solution is taken internally, it is readily absorbed,
transported and deposited in the bone or developing teeth and remainder gets
excreted by the kidney
• The deposited fluoride on the surface of teeth does not allow the action of acids
or enzymes in producing lesions.
• A small quantity (1ppm)of fluoride thus becomes necessary to prevent caries.
• However more than 2-3 ppm is ingested it is carried to bones and teeth and
gives rise to mottled enamel known as dental fluorosis.

12. • Fluoride can be administered both (i) internally and (ii) topically for the prevention
of dental caries.
• ORAL Administration: Addition of Fluoride in municipal water supply –
Fluoridation (Note not fluorination) (about 0.5-1ppm) is sufficient.
• It can also be given in drinking water or fruit juices in concentration to have 1ppm
per day.
• Sodium fluoride tablets or solution in a dose of 2.2mg per day are used.
• For topical applications 2% solution is general used on teeth

13. SODIUM FLUORIDE
Formula: NaF Molecular weight: 41.99
Preparation: It maay be prepared by neutralising HCl with Na2CO3.
2HF + Na2CO3  2NaF + H2O + CO2
Another method involves the double decomposition of Calcium Fluoride with Sodium carbonate
wherein insoluble Calcium carbonate can be removed by filtration.
CaF2 + Na2CO3  2 NaF + CaCO3

14. PROPERTIES OF SODIUM FLUORIDE
• Occurs as colourless, odourless crystals or as white
powder.
• Soluble in water but is insoluble in alcohol.
• On acidification of salt solution, Hyrofluoric acid is
produced. This is weak acid and is poisonous.
• Aqueous solution of salt yields alkaline solution.

15. STORAGE
• Aqueous solution of NaF corrodes ordinary glass bottles and hence the solution should be
prepared in distilled water and stored in dark, pyrex bottles.
Pharmaceutical Uses:
• NaF is used in prevention of dental caries because of its fluoride ion concentration.
• It is constituents of some insecticide and rodenticides.
• Used in the preparation of a tooth paste which constituents about 75% of NaF and 25% of
glycerol.
Usual Dose:
• 2.2 mg (Equivalent to 1mg of fluoride ion)
Applications
• 1.5-3.0 in drinking water

16. DENTIFRICES OR CLEANING AGENTS

17. DENTIFRICES OR CLEANING
AGENTS
• Dentifrice is a material which is used for cleaning of teeth and
adjacent gums.
• One can apply it with finger or preferably with a tooth brush.
• Can be applied as: (I) Paste – can be applied with an applicator that
is nothing but Tooth brush
(II) Powder
• The Cleaning action depends upon abrasive property and the
rubbing force used.
Drawbacks:
• Dentifrices are not be able to clean surfaces inside cavities and
crevices.

18. • Dentifrices are responsible for
physically removing plaque and
debris.
• A good cleaning agent must
remove stains from teeth and
to achieve this suitable
abrasiveness is essential.
Examples of Abrasives:
• Calcium phosphate diabasic and triasic,
• Calcium carbonate
• Sodium metaphosphate
• Strontium chloride
• Pumice (consists of complex silicates of aluminium, potassium
and sodium. It is a product obtained from volcanic origin.

19. CALCIUM CARBONATE
Chemical formula: CaCO3 Molecular Weight: 100.09
Synonym: Precipitated Chalk, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate.
• It is the most abundant and widely distributed in nature as limestone, Iceland spar, olomite and
shells of sea animals.
Method of preparation:
• Calcium carbonate is precipitated when CO2 is passed through lime water or solution of sodium
carbonate is added to calcium chloride which results into the formation of calcium carbonate.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 + H2O  CaCO3
CaCl2 + Na2CO3  CaCO3 + 2NaCl

20. PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
• Calcium carbonate occurs as white, odourless, tasteless, micro
crystalline powder which is stable in air.
• Practically soluble in dil HCl and HNO3 but is insoluble in water and
alcohol.
Uses:
• Externally as dentifrices, as a dental cleaning-polishing agent for most
tooth paste and tooth powders.
• Used as insecticide.
• Due to its fast action, Calcium carbonate is used as an antacid, as a
calcium supplement in deficiency states; as a food additive.
• Also used in homeopathic medicine.

21. DESENSITIZERS
• Usually the teeth are somewhat sensitive to
heat and cold.
• Especially during teeth decay or in
toothache, the perception to heat and cold
has been felt strongly.

22. DESENSITIZERS
• The desensitizers tends to decrease hypersensitivity of the teeth.
When applied to their outer surface, especially where erosion has
occurred near the gum line, they reduce the sensitivity of the
teeth to heat and cold.
• The exact mechanism of action of desensitizing agents is not
known but probably they act like local anaesthetics.
• Example:
• Zinc Chloride
• Strontium chloride

23. ZINC CHLORIDE
Chemical formula: ZnCL2 Molecular weight: 136.28
Synonyms: Butter of Zinc
Methods of preparation: It is prepared by heating granulated zinc with HCl. When
evolution of Hydrogen gas ceases, the solution is filtered and evaporated to dryness.
Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2

24. PROPERTIES
• It occurs as a white, odourless, deliquescent crystalline powder or
granules or opaque white masses or sticks.
• A 1 in 10 solution is acid to litmus, pH about 4.
• It is soluble in water, alcohol and glycerol, freely soluble in acetone.
• Usually its solution in water or in alcohol is slightly turbid due to
formation of zinc oxychloride, but the turbidity disappears with little
addition of HCl.
Uses:
• It is used as an antiseptic, astringent to the skin and mucous
membrane as a 0.5 -2 % solution.
• It is used as an active ingredient to prepare magnesia cements for
dental fillings and certain mouth washes.
• It is also used as dentin desensitizer, topically as a 10% solution to
the teeth.

25. CEMENTS AND FILLERS
• Dental cements are used to
temporarily cover protect areas
that have undergone operations
as in dental surgery.
• The cementing material is
applied as a paste, which gets
hardened in a short while
forming a protective layer.
• After the healing of operated
tissue, the hardened cement can
be removed by the dentist.

26. ZINC EUGENOL CEMENT
• Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cement have been used
extensively in dentistry since 1890’s.
• They are cements of low strength.
• Also they are the least irritating of all dental cements
and are known to have an obtudent effect on
expected dentin.

27. COMPOSITION
a.Liquid-
• Eugenol (react with zinc oxide)
• Olive oil (Plasticizer)
b. Powder
• Zinc oxide (Principal ingredient)
• Zinc stearate (accelerator, plasticizer)
• Zinc acetate (accelerator, improve strength)
• White rosin (to reduce brittleness of set cement)

28. PROPERTIES
• It is the cement of low strength, low abrasive resistance, and flow after setting, so it is used for
temporary filling not be more then few days.
• It has adhesive effect on exposed dentin.
• It is least irritating than other dental cements.
• Uses:
• It is used as impression material during construction of complete dentures and is used in the
mucostatic technique of taking impressions.

29. REFERENCES
• DR. UTTAM SINGH BAGHEL; RUCHIKA KABRA; ATUL KABRA; PHARMACEUTICAL
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY; PEE VEE PUBLICATION; SECONG EDITION; DENTAL
PRODUCT; 49-55.
• G.R CHATWAL; PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY; VOLUME-I;
HIMALAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE; DENTAL PRODUCTS; 236-244.

30. THANK YOU