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Immunity- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
- 2. TYPES OF PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS • Viruses • Bacteria • Protozoan • Fungi • Animal • Parasites 2
- 3. MECHANISMS OF DISEASE BY PATHOGENS • Utilization of host nutritional resources • Physical damage to host tissues • Production of toxic substances • Chromosomal and gene damage • Body cells behave abnormally 3
- 6. Antigens Some chemical that creates immune response Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism. Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc. Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue. 6
- 7. Antigens Epitope: Small part of an antigen that interacts with an antibody. 10-12 amino acids Any given antigen may have several epitopes. Each epitope is recognized by a different antibody. 7
- 8. EPITOPES: ANTIGEN REGIONS THAT INTERACT WITH ANTIBODIES 8
- 9. Defense Mechanisms 1. External defense 2. Internal Defense 3. Immune Defense 9
- 10. • Skin acts as barrier to microbes and viruses - sweat has a low pH • Mucus traps foreign particles • Tears - Lysozyme has antimicrobial action • Gastric stomach acid 1st Line of Defense 10
- 11. BODY COVERINGS: THE SKIN sebaceou s glands sweat gland epidermis 11
- 13. • Phagocytic cells (WBCs) - Natural Killer (NK) Cells: attack virus infected cells • Inflammatory Response • Antimicrobial proteins - Lysozyme - Interferon - Antibodies 2nd Line of Defense 13
- 14. MECHANISM OF PHAGOCYTOSIS Mechanism of Phagocytosis Macrophage 14
- 16. Inflammatory Response Histamine & prostaglandin s released Capillaries dilate Clotting begins Chemotactic factors attract phagocytic cells Phagocytes consume pathogens & cell debris 16
- 17. CHARACTERISTICS OF IMMUNITY • Response is specific • Retains a “memory” allowing an accelerated second response • Can respond to many different materials • Involves lymphocytes and antibodies 17
- 18. TYPES OF IMMUNITY • Active Immunity - Naturally-Acquired Active Immunity - Artificially-Acquired Active Immunity • Passive Immunity - Naturally-Acquired Passive Immunity - Artificially-Acquired Passive Immunity 18
- 20. ACTIVE IMMUNITY The production of antibodies against a specific disease by the immune system. Naturally acquired through disease Artificially acquired through vaccination Vaccines include inactivated toxins, killed microbes, parts of microbes, and viable but weakened microbes. Active immunity is usually permanent 20
- 21. PASSIVE IMMUNITY Passive Immunity- Protection against disease through antibodies produced by another human being or animal. Effective, but temporary Ex. Maternal antibodies. 21
- 22. Passive immunity can be transferred artificially by injecting antibodies from an animal that is already immune to a disease into another animal. 22
- 23. IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE TO ANTIGENS Humoral Immunity • Involves antibodies (secreted from B cells) dissolved in the blood plasma. • Demonstrated as a immune response using only the blood serum. • Defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, & viruses. 23
- 24. Cell-Mediated Immunity • Involves the activities of specific white blood cells (T cells). • Defense against cancer cells, virus- infected cells, fungi, animal parasites, & foreign cells from transplants. IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE TO ANTIGENS 24
- 26. B CELLS • Mature in bone marrow • Involved in humoral immunity • Once activated by antigen, proliferate into two clones of cells: plasma cells that secrete antibodies and memory cells that may be converted into plasma cells at a later time 26
- 28. B Cells 28
- 29. ACTIVATION OF B CELLS BY ANTIGEN antigen 29
- 30. CLONAL SELECTION plasma cells memory cells antibodies 30
- 31. Antibodies Proteins that recognize and bind to a particular antigen with very high specificity. Made in response to exposure to the antigen. One virus or microbe may have several antigenic determinant sites, to which different antibodies may bind. Each antibody has at least two identical sites that bind antigen: Antigen binding sites. Belong to a group of serum proteins called immunoglobulins (Igs). 31
- 32. Antibody Structure Monomer: A flexible Y-shaped molecule with four protein chains: 2 identical light chains 2 identical heavy chains 32
- 34. MECHANISMS ON ANTIBODY ACTION • Precipitation of soluble antigens • Agglutination of foreign cells • Neutralization • Enhanced phagocytosis • Complement activation leading to cell lysis • Stimulates inflammation 34
- 35. The binding of antibodies to antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes is the basis of several antigen disposal mechanisms. 35
- 36. Immunoglobin Classes IgM • 1st response to antigen • Effective in agglutination • Can’t cross placenta IgG • Most common form • Crosses blood vessels • Crosses placenta (passive immunity to fetus) • Provides immunity to new born babies IgA • Secreted from mucus membranes • Prevents attachment of bacteria to epithelial surface • In colostrum IgD • B cell activation • Can’t cross placenta IgE • Histamine reactions and allergies 36
- 37. Overview of Immune System Responses 37
- 38. T CELLS • Mature in thymus • Involved in cell-mediated immunity • Activated when another cell presents antigen to them • Several types of T cells: cytoxic T cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, and memory T cells 38
- 39. IMMUNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS NAME TYPE Immunity Dose BCG vaccine (Bacillus calmette guerin) Live attenuated Strain of bacillus of calmette and guerin active Intracutaneous 0.1ml Cholera vaccine Killed cholera vibrios(Vibrio cholerae(Strain of inaba and Ogawa) active S/C 1st dose:0.5ml 2nd dose:1ml Diptheria antitoxin Plasma or serum of healthy horse Cornybacterium diptheriae freeze dried powder passive 10000-30000 units I/M in severe cases 40000 units Diptheria and tetanus toxoid C. Diptheriae and C. tetani Adsorb formaldehyde treated diptheria and tetanus toxoid(nitrogen purified) on Al(OH)2 active 0.5ml by I/M inj. 0.5ml after 4 weeks Diptheria, Tetanus and pertusis vaccine Purified diptheria and tetanus formol toxoid +killed Bordetella pertusis active I/M inj 0.5ml each 39
- 40. NAME TYPE Immunity Dose Gas gangrene antitoxin Clostridium oedematiens Clostridium perfringens Clostridium septicum Antibodies from horse serum passive 10000 units - 30000 units by I/M inj Hepatitis B vaccine Formalin inactivated Hepatitis B virus active 20µgl/M in 3 doses Human normal immunoglobulin Sterile solution or freeze dried product containing immunoglobulins mainly IgG passive 250mg I/M inj. - 750mg by I/M inj. Measles vaccine Freeze dried pdt containing live attenuated measles virus in chick embryo active 0.5ml by subcutaneous inj. Plaque vaccine Killed yersinia pestis, 195P strain grown on enriched media like acid hydrolysate of casein , killed by addition of formaldehyde passive 1ml by SC inj. Rabies antiserum Antirabies globulin(horses) passive 1st dose by I/M then 2nd by SC inj Rabies vaccine human(cell culture) Frreeze dried product of rabies virus inactivated by betapropiolactone Fertile eggs active I/M inj in 2.5 units Rabies vaccine Rabies virus injected intracerebrally in brains of animals, virus harvested and then suspended in sodium chloride active 1-5ml daily for 7-14 days by SC OR IM ROUTE 40
- 41. NAME TYPE Immunity Dose Shick test toxin Cornybacterium diptheriae. Toxin is purified ,diluted with sterile aqueous buffer solution of pH 7.2-7.6 ,made preparation isotonic with blood Test to detect diptheria 0.1-0.2 ml by intradermal inj. Typhoid vaccine Killed by heat or bactericide(PHENOL/FORMALD EHYDE) or by chemicals as acetone Salmonella typhi active 0.5-1ML (4-6 weeks) Typhus vaccine Killed typhus rickettsiae (yolk sacs of fertile egg) or lungs of small rodents Peritoneal cavities of gebrils active 0.25-1ml by SC ROUTE Japanese encephelitis vaccine Japanese encephelitis vaccine strain intracerebrally in mice brain (freeze dried product) active 1mlX2 at 1-2 week interval Poliomyelitis vaccine Attenuated strains of polio virus active 0.1ml-2 drops Tetanus vaccine Sterile sispension prepared from tetanus toxoid adsorbed on aluminum phosphate in saline solution active 2 I.M. injections of 0.5ml each Viper Venom Dried secreation obtained from poison glands of Viperae russelli, secreation dried from Mouse unit dose 1-3 with initial dose 5-25 units 41
- 42. Tetanus antitoxin Antoxic globules derived from horse serum passive By SC or IM injection NLT 1500 units- 50000 units (Passive immunity) Yellow fever vaccine Live aqueous suspension of chick embryo tissue injected with 17 D stain of yellow fever virus active 0.5ml by SC route Scorpion venom antiserum Sterile preparation containing anttoxic globules of venom of scorpio(serum of healthy equines) 20-50ml inj by IV route 42
- 43. THANKYOU 43