(1) The document discusses various sources and types of water pollution including point sources like factories and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. It covers physical, chemical, and biological parameters used to analyze water quality.
(2) Key types of water pollution include nutrients, surface, oxygen-depleting, groundwater, suspended matter, and chemical pollution. Effects of water pollution are diseases, destruction of ecosystems, and effects on food chains.
(3) Solutions proposed include recycling of wastes, primary and secondary waste water treatment, control of industrial locations, drainage and sewage systems, education, and minimizing pesticide use.
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waste water and water pollution
1. WASTE WATER AND WATER POLLUTION
A SEMINAR PRESENTED
BY
SAROJ KATWAL
B.TECH 4TH YR.
ROLL NO.02
2019
Convener
Asst.Prof.Nabin Gautam
Commentator
Ass.prof.Babita Adhikari
6. sources of water pollution
There are various classification of sources of classification
The two chief sources of classification can be seen as point and non point sources.
1.Point sources –it is single sources of water pollution .Eg emisison of factories waste.
2.Non point sources of water pollution – it is multiple sources of water pollution. Example
Contamination of water after rain that has travels through several region may consider
as non point source
-
Water pollution
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies. Very
often by human activities. It occurs when
pollutants(particles ,chemicals or substances ) discharged
are directly or indirectly into water bodies without any
treatments to get rid of harmful compound.
7. Waste water and water
pollution Types of water pollution
1.Nutrients pollution:-
some of waste water fertilizer
and sewage contains high amounts of nutrients. If they
end up in water bodies ,they will encourages the algae
and weed growth in water. This will make water
undrinkable and even clog the filter. Too much algae will
also use up oxygen in water and other water organism in
water will die out of oxygen starvation.
2.Surface water pollution:-
surface water pollution includes water found on earth like rivers ,lakes, lagoons and oceans.
Hazardous substances coming in contact with surface water dissolving or mixing physical with
water can be called as surface water pollution.
8. Surface water pollution
Waste water and water
pollution
3.Oxygen depleting:-
Water body has many microorganism. These includes aerobic
and anerobic . When too much biodegradble end up in water ,it encourage more
micro organism growth and they use up oxygen presents in water. Micro-oraganism
grow more to produce harmful toxin such as ammonia and and sulfides.
Types of water pollution cntd.
9. Types of water pollution cnt.
4.Ground water pollution:-
pesticides and chemicals used up by human ,
are washed by rain which is goes deep into soils causes ground water
pollution. This means when we dig wells and bore holes to get water that
need to be further purify .
10. 4.Suspended matter pollution:-
some pollutants(substanes, particles and
chemical) do not easily dissolved into the water . This types of matter is called
particulate matter. Some pf suspended pollutants later settles down under the water
body. This can harm and even kill aquatic life that live at the floor of water body.
11. 5.Chemical water pollution
many industries and farmers work with chemicals that end up
in water. This is common with point source pollution. These includes chemicals
that’s are used to control, weed, insects and pests . Metals and solvents from
industries can pollutated the water bodies. These are poisoinous to many forms
of life nad may slow the developments and growth.
13. Water and its importance
Cooling in industries
Washing fruits and
vegetables
bathing
14. Water and its importance
drinking
Washing clothes
Washing utensils
15. World water supply and access water condition
•2.1 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services.
(WHO/UNICEF 2017)
•4.5 billion people lack safely managed sanitation services. (WHO/UNICEF 2017)
•340,000 children under five die every year from diarrhoeal diseases.
(WHO/UNICEF 2015)
•Water scarcity already affects four out of every 10 people. (WHO)
•90% of all natural disasters are water-related. (UNISDR)
•80% of wastewater flows back into the ecosystem without being treated or reused
(UNESCO, 2017).
•Around two-thirds of the world’s transboundary rivers do not have a cooperative
management framework. (SIWI)
•Agriculture accounts for 70% of global water withdrawal. (FAO)
•Roughly 75% of all industrial water withdrawals are used for energy
production. (UNESCO, 2014
16. Condition of water supply and status of access water
According to departments of water supply and sewage in Nepal
An estimated 80% of total population has access drinking water is not
safe
Those belong to poor and excluded group in rural area have limited
and has no access to water
17. Condition of water supply and status of access water
o The capital city of Nepal kathamandu is
estimated to produce 150 tons of waste
daily and almost almost half of this is
dumped to rivers.
o 80% wate water is generated by
house holds
o Only 27% population access to basic
sanitation
18. It is not possible to find pure water in nature. The rain water as it drops down to earth
absorbs dust and gasses from the atmosphere. Three types of impurities i.e physical,
chemical and bacteriological are presents in water (Rangwala 1990). The surface water
retains all these impurities for identifinite period.(Ernest 1960)
o Physical examinationo Chemical factoro Bacteriological test
Examination of impurities in potable and waste water contaminating factors
Impurities of water
19. The terms colour which used here indicates true colour, the colour of water after turbidity has
been removed. The apparent colour includes not only the colour due to substnaces in solution
,but also that due to suspended matter. Apparent colour is determined on the original samples
without filtration and clarification (standard method 1976). The colour of sewage reflects its
strenth of waste and condition (Imholf et al., 1956).
The colour may be determined by visual comparison method but for industrial waste special
and accurate method is used(Standard Method, 1976).
Physical tests
1.color
20. Physical tests
Namely temperature measurements may be made with any good mercury filled
Celsius thermometer(Standard Method, 1976)
Most of physical and chemical reaction are depends on temperature condition.
temperature
21. Physical tests
No physical and chemical theory adequately explains the mechanism of odour (standard
method 1976).
Most organic and inorganic chemicals contributes to taste and odour ,they may
originated from industrial waste and decomposed fruits and vegetables and associated
microbial activity .
Odor and taste suggest presence specific industrial waste and freshness staleness and
septic (Imholf et al., 1956).
Odour and taste
22. Physical tests
turbidity
The U.S, public health survive standard for drinking water is not over
10mg/litre . sedimentation chemical coagulation and filtration is employed to
removed turbidity (Imholf et al., 1956).
Turbidity in waste is caused by presence of suspended matter such as clay silt
finely divide organic matter and other microscopic microorganism. Turbidity is
expressed in ppm .the turbidity produced by one gram of silica in one litre of
water is the unit of turbidity (birdle 1984)
23. chemical tests
Total solid
The term solid refers to matter either filterable or unfilterable and remains as residue
upon evaporation and subsequent drying in definite time and temperature(Manual,
1986).
500mg/lit is limits for drinking water
The solid contains have been correlated with chemical oxygen demands. (jhon et al.,
1973)
Total solid =suspended solid +dissolved and colloidal solid
24. ph
chemical tests
pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of the water as ranked on a
scale of 1.0 to 14.0.
The lower the pH of water, the more acidic it is. The higher the pH of water, the
more basic, or alkaline, it is.
pH affects many chemical and biological processes in the water and different
organisms have different ranges of pH within which they flourish. The largest
variety of aquatic animals prefer a pH range of 6.5 - 8.0.
pH outside of this range reduces the diversity in the stream because it stresses
the physiological systems of most organisms and can reduce reproduction.
25. o Low pH can also allow toxic elements and compounds such as heavy metals to
become mobile and "available" for uptake by aquatic plants and animals. Again, this
can produce conditions that are toxic to aquatic life, particularly to sensitive species
like trout.
chemical tests
ph
troutph
26. • The alkalinity of water is quantative capacity to neutralize a strong acid to designated ph
alkalinity is measure of gross property of water and can be interpreted in terms of
specific substances only when the chemical composition of substances is known.
Alkalinity is significance in many uses and treatments of natural and waste water.
It is determined by titration with a standard acid (HCl ,H2SO4)using phenolphthalein
and methyl orange as indicator. The alkalinity is due to the presence of bicarbonates
carbonates hydroxides. The determination of alkali is very useful in water and sewage .it
provides buffering changes resists to ph value.
chemical tests
alkalinity
27. Alkalinity of water has no serious problems up to 120ppm (Birdie, 1984).alkalinity
of water can be removed by zeolite or time treatments process (Ernest 1989)
chemical tests
alkalinity
28. chemical tests
acidity
o Acidity of water is its quantitative property of water to neutralized the base to
designated ph. The measure value represents the gross property of water.
o the most common cause of acidity in a water is CO2 which may be present naturally
or result from the reaction of coagulating chemical used in water treatment.
o Acidity is measured in terms of calcium carbonate needed to neutralize the carbonic
acid(Ernest W.S.-1960).
29. chemical tests
The cholride concentration is high in waste water than in raw water . The argenometry
method is suitable for use in relatively clear water when 0.15 to 10 mg Cl are present in the
portion of sample titrated(Standard Method, 1976).
Sulphates causes a problems of scaling in industrial water suplies and problems of odour and
corrosion in waste water due to reduction to H2S. Sulphates ions are precipitated as BaSO4 in
acidic media with BaCl2 (Manual, 1986).
cholorides
sulphate
30. chemical tests
Hardness
Hardness of water was understood as measure of capacity of the water to precipitating
soap.(ca and mg ions but also may be precipited by ions of other polyvalent ions such as Al
Fe mn st zn).
EDTA titration method is which measure the ca ,mg ions may be applied with appropriate
modification to any kind of water ( (Standard Method, 1976)).
The water having less than 100ppm is called soft water 80 90ppm is usually considered as
best (Escritt, 1972).
31. chemical tests
Dissolved oxygen
o The dissolved oxygen level can be an indication of how polluted the water is and how well
the water can support aquatic plant and animal life.
o If dissolved oxygen levels are too low, some fish and other organisms may not be able to
survive. Much of the dissolved oxygen in water comes from oxygen in the air that has
dissolved in the water.
o Some of the dissolved oxygen in the water is a result of photosynthesis of aquatic plants.
Stream turbulence may also increase DO levels because air is trapped under rapidly moving
water and the oxygen from the air will dissolve in the water.
o At 20 oC (room temperature) and standard atmospheric pressure (sea level), the maximum
amount of oxygen that can dissolve in fresh water is 9 ppm. If the water temperature is
below 20 oC, there may be more oxygen dissolved in the sample. Generally a dissolved
oxygen level of 9-10 ppm is considered very good.
32. chemical tests
Biological oxygen demands
o Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, also called Biological Oxygen Demand) is the amount
of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down
organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific
time period
o Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, also called Biological Oxygen Demand) is the
amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to
break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature
over a specific time period
o The test consists in taking the given sample in suitable concentrations in dilute water in B.O.D.
bottles. Two bottles are taken for each concentration and three concentrations are used for each
sample. One set of bottles is incubated in a B.O.D. incubator for 5 days at 20°C; the dissolved
oxygen (initial) content (D1) in the other set of bottles will be determined immediately. At the end
of 5 days, the dissolved oxygen content (D2) in the incubated set of bottles is determined.
34. chemical tests
chemical oxygen demand
The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) method determines the quantity of oxygen required
to oxidize the organic matter in a waste sample, under specific conditions of oxidizing
agent, temperature, and time
Chemical Oxygen Demand is an important water quality parameter because, similar to
BOD, it provides an index to assess the effect discharged wastewater will have on the
receiving environment. Higher COD levels mean a greater amount of oxidizable organic
material in the sample, which will reduce dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. A reduction in DO
can lead to anaerobic conditions, which is deleterious to higher aquatic life forms. The
COD test is often used as an alternate to BOD due to shorter length of testing time.
35. chemical tests
Metals and others chemical substances
Inorganic pollutant like heavy metals acids base and inert substances are hazardous when
discharged into environments. Free chlorines ammonia sulphides even in small
concentration may cause death of fish. Heavy metals salts such as cd Pb , Hg Se Th V
Zn and as etc highly toxic to fish.
36. biological parameter
Total plate count
The total plate count is the enumeration of aerobic, mesophillic organisms
that grow in aerobic conditions under moderate temperatures of 20-45°C.
This includes all aerobic bacteria, yeast, molds and fungi that grows in the
specific agar. This count includes all pathogens and non pathogens and is
used to determine the hygienic status of water.
37. biological parameter
Coliform test
The total coliform bacteria test is a primary indicator of "potability" , suitability for
consumption, of drinking water. It measures the concentration of total coliform
bacteria associated with the possible presence of disease causing organisms.
Coliforms are bacteria that are always present in the digestive tracts of
animals, including humans, and are found in their wastes.
• Coliform test non detectable per 100 ml
for drinking water
• E. coli non detectable per 100 ml
• Faecal coliforms non detectable per100
ml
38. Effects of water pollution
1.Diseases
Drinking or consumption of polluted water causes many disastrous effects.
typhoid
cholera
hepatitis
Trachoma
42. Conclusion and summary
o We are glad to say that Nepal is second richest country in water resources in world but
again sad to say that we are most suffer in water pollution.
o It is without a doubt that the domestic sewage system is deemed one of the top sources of
water pollution that seeps into rivers and lakes, which are the primary sources of drinking
water.
o As a result, Nepal faces a high number of water-borne diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery,
typhoid, gastroenteritis and cholera
43. Conclusion and summary
1.Different types of wastes and pollutants may be recycled. These recycling facilities should
be formulated and implemented by all industries.
2. Cleaning and treatment of waste water-
a.Primary treatment – This treatment involves sedimentation, flotation, screening, etc.
b. Secondary treatment – This method involves the allowing of water to pass through a
thick layer of stone or gravel containing microbes that digest organic waste.
3. Control of irruption at distribution of industries.
4. Provide all cities with proper drainage. Efficient sewage collection and waste waster
treatment facilities should be properly managed.
5. The use of pesticides should be minimized.
6. Education programmes are needed to inform the people in the protection of river and use
of safe water.
