TCP/IP

2. TCP/IP
Netware protocol suite
LINK SUPPORT LAYER (LSL)
Stands for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol is collection/suite of
protocols like IP, Bootp, ARP, FTP, HTTP, ICMP, HTTP etc
Multiple Link Interface Driver (MLID) :-
 it is Novell’s name for a network interface board driver.
MLID is a software that complies with Novell’s open data link interface (ODI)
architecture.
It is the interface between an mlid and the upper layer protocol stacks.

3. IEEE 802 x Standards
IEEE 802.1
IEEE 802.2
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.1 – physical layer, data link layer and Network layer
IEEE 802.2 – data link layer
IEEE 802.3 , IEEE 802.4, IEEE 802.5, 802.8, IEEE 802.9, IEEE 802.11, IEEE
802.12 – physical layer
IEEE 802-10 – transport layer, Network layer, Data link layer, physical layer.
Used for physical topology
Mechanical and electrical specifications of transmission media.
Rules for bit encoding.
Used for LLC (logical link control)
Used for connection services
Error control.
This establishes rules for Ethernet networking and specification.
Signaling mode 1- Broad Band
2- Base band

4. Base band Signalling:
1)Uses digital signalling
2)No frequency-division multiplexing
3)Bi-directional transmission
4)Signal travels over short distances
Broadband Signalling:
1)Uses analogue signalling
2)Unidirectional transmission
3)Frequency-division multiplexing is possible
4)Signal can travel over long distances before being attenuated

5. Broad Band
Base Band
IEEE 802.4
IEEE 802.5
IEEE 802.6
On a network using digital signal the transmission medium is used for a single
channel.
On a network using analogue signal the bandwidth of the transmission media is
divided into multiple channel. This enable transmission of multiple signal
through these channels.
Used for topologies
Used for media access control
Cat cable and optical fiber cable identifier.
Used for token passing Ring
Used to support a data transfer technology called as Distributed Queue Dual
Bus(DQDB).

6. IEEE 802.7
IEEE 802.8
IEEE 802.9
IEEE 802.10
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.12
Used for broadband communication.
Defines fiber optic technology.
This integrates voice transmission with data transmission.
Used for encryption mechanism.
Used for wireless lan (Wi-Fi)
This defines standard for 100-mbps physical star topologies.

7. IPX (Internet packet exchange protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
IP (Internetwork Protocol)
Connection less (datagram) Protocol.
Derived from XNS’s Internetwork Datagram Protocol (IDP)
IPX addresses and routes packets from one location to another on an IPX
internetwork.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a communications protocol that offers
a limited amount of service when messages are exchanged between
computers in a network that uses the Internet Protocol (IP). UDP is an
alternative to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and, together with
IP known as UDP/IP.
It a connectionless packet switched network layer implementation that
performs addressing route selection.
IP can also fragments packets into smaller parts.
IP moves datagram through the internetwork one hop at a time by
referencing dynamic route tables at each hop.
IP performs a small amount of error control through a header checksum.

8. ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL (ARP)
SIMPLE MESSEGE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (SMTP)
POST OFFICE PROTOCOL (POP)
INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL (IMAP)
Short for Address Resolution Protocol, a network layer protocol used to convert
an IP address into a physical address (called a DLC address), such as an
Ethernet address.
Short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol used for sending e-mail
messages between servers. Most e-mail systems that send mail over the Internet
use SMTP to send messages from one server to another; the messages can then
be retrieved with an e-mail client using either POP or IMAP.
short for Post Office Protocol, a protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a mail
server. Most e-mail applications (sometimes called an e-mail client) use the
POP protocol, although some can use the newer IMAP (Internet Message
Access Protocol)
Short for Internet Message Access Protocol, a protocol for retrieving e-mail
messages. The latest version, IMAP4, is similar to POP3 but supports some
additional features. For example, with IMAP4, you can search through your e-
mail messages for keywords while the messages are still on mail server. You can
then choose which messages to download to your machine.

9. SYSTEM NETWORK ARCHITECHTURE (SNA)
KEY SNA PROTOCOLS
Short for Systems Network Architecture, a set of network protocols developed by
IBM. Originally designed in 1974 for IBM's mainframe computers, SNA has
evolved over the years so that it now also supports peer-to-peer networks of
workstations
IBM’s proprietary network architecture
Define the general characteristics of computer hardware and software required
for interconnection.
Transaction service
Presentation service
Data flow control
Transmission control
Path control
Data link control
Physical control
Token Ring
Synchronous data link control (SDLC)
SNA Distribution Service (SNAD)
Document interchange architecture (DIA)

10. COMPARE DOD MODEL WITH OSI MODEL AND TCP/IP PROTOCOL
SUITE
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link Layer
Physical Layer
Process/Application
layer
Host-Host layer
Internet Layer
Network Layer
Telnet, DNS, DHCP,
Proxy, FTP, HTTP
TCP, UDP
IP, ICMP, ARP,
BOOTP
802.3(ethernet),802.1
1(wi-Fi), 802.5(Token
Ring), FDDI
OSI DOD TCP/IP

11. Internet Protocol(IP)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
IP provides the specification that allow the routing fragments and reassemble
packets. While routing a data packet to a destination, the data packet is
fragmented to improve the efficiency of throughput, as the fragmented packets
can adopt different path on a network and they have to travel serially(one after
one). Again the fragmented packets are reassembled at the destination point by
using packet header. This process is accomplished with the help of IP. And the
packet delivered by the IP are called Transport Protocol Data Unit(TDPU).
The ICMP operate with IP to provide control on internetwork error and
intermission. It deals with erroneous massages. A massage by ICMP protocol is
sent to the source host when IP cannot deliver a packet and it discarded when
there is problem occurred on the network.
It is one of the primary protocol of the TCP/IP suite. It accepts messages of any
length from an upper layer protocol. The data unit used by TCP are called
segments. The TCP data segments are encapsulated within an IP header.

12. SERVICES PROVIDED BY TCP
Application/Process Layer protocol
Types Of Application Layer Protocol
Full duplex transmission
Flow control transmission
Connection oriented transmission
Acknowledge oriented transmission
Telnet
FTP
HTTP
SMTP
POP3
SNMP
NNTP
IMAP
DHCP
DNS
The application defines guidelines for application in user interface and
communication between applications. This layer know as the upper layer of
the OSI model.

13. INTERNET LAYER PROTOCOLS
IP
ICMP
ARP
BOOTP
RARP
Are used to load data packets between different hosts
It provides the specifications that allow the routing, fragmentation and
reassemble of packets. It used to send data from one host to another host.
It operates with IP to provide internetwork error and control information.
Arp used to map the IP address of the host to its corresponding MAC address.
Bootstrap Protocol, or BOOTP, is a network protocol used by a network client
to obtain an IP address from a configuration server.
Reverse of ARP

14. Short for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, a TCP/IP protocol that permits a
physical address, such as an Ethernet address, to be translated into an IP address.
Hosts such as diskless workstations often only know their hardware interface
addresses, or MAC address, when booted but not their IP addresses. They must
discover their IP addresses from an external source, usually a RARP server.
In computer networking, a port is an application-specific or process-specific
software construct serving as a communications endpoint. It is used by transport
protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite, such as Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). A specific port is identified by its
number, commonly known as the port number.
PORT