The document discusses research governance in the United States. It describes the key government agencies that oversee research, including the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Office of Management and Budget, Congress, and research-focused agencies such as the Department of Defense, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, NASA, and Department of Energy. It provides data on federal research spending by agency for fiscal year 2007, with over half of funds going to defense. Private universities like Harvard and MIT are also discussed, including their budgets, sources of funding, and research expenditures.

1. La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.
Giorgio Einaudi
Professore di Fisica
Università di Pisa
e
Direttore Scientifico
Italian Scientists and Scholars in North America Foundation
INSIEME PER LA RICERCA
Scienziati italiani d’Italia e USA per una nuova governance
Milano, 21 settembre 2009 Università Luigi Bocconi

2. La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.

3. La governanceAdvanced Studies:
Institute for della ricerca in U.S.A.
Science for Global Policy ( (IAS/SGP)

4. La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.

5. La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.

6. La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.

7. La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
Office of Management and Budget (
(OMB)
Congress
Agencies: DoD, DHHS-NIH, NASA, NSF, DoE-Science,
,
DoC-NIST, DoC-NOAA, EPA
NOAA,

8. La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.
142.7 billions, 0.5 billions more than in FY 2007 (+ 0.4%)
• Defense (77.8) 54.6%
• Health (29.80) 20.9%, 95.5% to NIH,
• Space (12.2) 8.6%,
• NSF (4.4) 3.1%
• Energy&Envir. (9.7) 6.8%
• All other (8.55) 6%.
Basic Research 28.7 billions ~ 20%,
Applied Research 28.8 billions ~ 20%,
Development 80.6 billions ~ 57%
Infrastructures 4.4 billions ~ 3%.

9. La governanceAdvanced Studies:
Institute for della ricerca in U.S.A.
Science for Global Policy ( (IAS/SGP)
54% of U.S. Federal R&D is for Defense

10. La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH)
Department of Health and Human Services Agency
Activity: “intra moenia” and “extra-moenia” research in bio
moenia” bio-medicine
Budget 2007: 27.8 billions, doubled in 5 years, ½ total civil
,
Organization: Office of the Director coordinates 27 Institutes and Centers, including:
:
NCI (National Cancer Institute), NEI (National Eye Institute), NHGRI (National Human Genome
Research Institute), NIA (National Institute of Aging) e NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases)

11. La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Activity:
: Space&Astrophysics Research, Space Technology, Space Robotic&Man Missions
Budget 2007: 16.8 billions, + 3.2% with respect 2006
:
76.7 billions, +4.8%, for R&D.
Organization: Independent Federal Agency with about 18.000 employees and a
great number of “contractors” , and 10 Research Centers, including: Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, 5.000 employees, managed by California Institue of
,
Technology (FFRDC), robotic exploration od the Solar System; Johnson Space
Center, 3.300 employees, management of human flight, i.e. Gemini, Apollo,
Shuttle; Kennedy Space Center , 1.700 employees management of launches;
employees,
Goddard Space Flight Center, 3.000 employees and 6.000 contractors, the most
important scientific Center, studies Earth and its environment, solar system,
universe through observations from space
space.

12. La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.
National Science Foundation (NSF)
Activity:
: Support Basic Scientific Research to Improve Society Welfare and Ensure National Defense
Budget 2007: 4.2 billions (200 millions for its management), ~
: ~-20% with respect 2006
Organization: IndependentFederal Agency with 7 Directorate: Biological Sciences,
Computer & Information Science & Engineering, Education & Human Resources,
Engineering, Geosciences, Mathematical & Physical Sciences, Social, Behavior
& Economic Sciences. No laboratories, finances projects selected trough a “peer
review” process. 1200 employees (600 scientists 50% contractors from
Universities etc., 600 administrative 30% contractors)

13. La governance della ricerca in U.S.A.
Department of Energy (DoE)
Activity:Defense Strategic Goal: To protect national security by applying
advanced science and nuclear technology to the Nation’s defense. Energy
Strategic Goal: To protect national and economic security by promoting a
diverse supply and delivery of reliable, affordable, and environmentally sound
energy. Science Strategic Goal: To protect national and economic security by
providing world-class scientific research capacity and advancing scientific
class
knowledge. Environment Strategic Goal To protect the environment by
Goal:
providing a responsible resolution to the environmental legacy of the Cold War
and by providing for the permanent disposal of the Nation’s high
high-level radioactive
waste.
Budget 2007: 23.5 billions, 8.7 billions( 4 for defense) for R&D
:
Organization: One
Under Secretary for Energy, Environment, Science; one Under
Secretary and Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration
Technological

14. Università:
Università
Organizzazione, Reclutamento e Carriere.
3700 Istituti di Formazione
Superiore,
di cui solo circa 260 (7%)
“Università Di Ricerca”.
Poca differenza tra
Universitá pubbliche e
private.

15. Università:
Università
Institute for Advanced Studies:
Organizzazione, Reclutamento e Carriere.
Science for Global Policy (
(IAS/SGP)
Le assunzioni avvengono localmente: un errore
di scelta ha conseguenze economiche per
l’Università.
I Ricercatori nei Laboratori anche con posto di
Laboratori,
ruolo, devono avere finanziamenti propri.
Molti sono su soft money (
(Precari?).
Alta mobilità tra Universit e il private sector.
Università

16. Università:
Università
Organizzazione, Reclutamento e Carriere.

17. Università:
Università
Organizzazione, Reclutamento e Carriere.

18. Università:
Università
Organizzazione, Reclutamento e Carriere.
Harvard University
Dotazione patrimoniale: circa 35 miliardi di dollari
:
Bilancio 2006: circa 3 miliardi di dollari
Entrate:
36% da proventi degli investimenti
investimenti,
7% da donazioni per il 2006,
21% da tasse studentesche,
21% da grants di ricerca (82% federale 12% fondazioni, 6%
federale,
private sector)
15% da attività universitarie (prestazioni mediche, royalties,
prestazioni
editoria, etc.)

19. Università:
Università
Organizzazione, Reclutamento e Carriere.
Harvard University
Dotazione patrimoniale: circa 35 miliardi di dollari
:
Bilancio 2006: circa 3 miliardi di dollari
Spese:
50% in stipendi e benefits,
22% spese per ricerca,
10% borse di studio per studenti
studenti,
7% acquisto strumentazioni ed apparecchiature,
11% costruzioni e servizi

20. Università:
Università
Organizzazione, Reclutamento e Carriere.
MIT Faculty, Staff, Students
598 Professors
184 Associate Professors
192 Assistant Professors
2700 graduate research assistants
787 teaching assistants
4112 undergraduate students (330 international)
6228 graduate students (2242 international)

21. Università:
Università
Organizzazione, Reclutamento e Carriere.
Research at MIT, Cambridge Campus - FY 2003 - Total: $471.754 millions
19.8%
13.8% US Department of
US DoE M$ 65.2 Health&HumanServic
es M$93.3
18.2% 7.6%
US DoD M$ 85.9 NASA M$35.7
2.5% MIT
InternalM$13.3 12.2%
NSF M$57.7
3.9% 2.8%
Other Nonprofits Other Federal M$13.1
3.4% M$18.3
Local, State,Foreign 15.5%
Governments Industry M$73.2
M$15.9