Game-Ranching and Community-Based-Natural-Resource-Management

1. EcoSummit 2012
Ecological Sustainability
Restoring the Planet’s Ecosystem Services
Ecological Economics & Environmental Policy
General Session 08 Presenting Author: Steve Gluck
Harvard University

2. Game-Ranching
and
Community-Based-Natural-Resource-Management

3. Game-Ranching
and
Community-Based-Natural-Resource-Management
Two Emerging Models
of
Ecosystem Protection, Preservation and Restoration
… an overview

4. In 1967, the Government of Namibia (then German Southwest Africa)
reinterpreted its conservation law, giving de-facto ownership of wildlife over
to landholders, the then mostly-white farmers and ranchers. Whereas, prior
to that, wildlife had been a liability, private-ownership allowed land-holders
to profit from the wildlife on their lands, initially by selling hunting rights to
friends and neighbors, later to foreign trophy-hunters.
The additional income became so significant that many of the landholders
began converting their crop-farms or cattle-ranches into hunting-ranches.
Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia) had been experimenting along the same lines.
These new models were so successful, both ecologically and economically,
that South Africa enacted similar legislation, and a revolution in game-
ranching began.

5. Over the next few decades, some 20 million hectares of South African farm
and ranch-land were given over to wildlife, an area equivalent to the entire
national park system of the United States. Much of that land was restored to
virtually complete biodiversity via normal ecological succession and began
providing all of ecosystem services previously eliminated by the ecologically
disruptive farming and ranching practices.
Later, it was recognized that Indigenous Peoples and other rural tribal
communities might also benefit from the wildlife on their lands, and another
model, also based upon private-ownership and the sustainable-use, was
implemented. Thus began the Community-Based-Natural-Resource-
Management (CBNRM) programs, with similar beneficial results.

6. The
ProTecTion
Paradigm

7. Photo Courtesy of
Bison-Bison
desktopscenes.com

8. Southern White-Rhino
Ceratotherium simum-simum
Tholo Game-Ranch
Ghanzi District, Botswana Photo by Gluck

9. Photos: Wiki

10. The Protection Paradigm
189 Geer v. Connecticut (Public Trust Doctrine)
6
190 1st Federal Law Protecting
Lacey Act
0 Game
197 Endangered Species National Park (USA)
1872 Yellowstone
Endangered Species Protection
3 Act
Kruger National Park (South
1926
Africa)
1967 Kenya Bans Hunting
IUCN (1948), WWF (1961), UNEP (1972), CITES (1975), TRAFFIC (1976)

11. The ProTecTion
Paradigm
a ToP-down
regulaTory mechanism

12. Private Ownership of Wildlife
Wildlife Conservation Act (1960)
Zimbabwe
Rhodesia Parks and Wildlife Act (1975)
Nature Conservation Ordinances (1967 &
Namibia
1975)
South
Certificate of Adequate Enclosure Law (1984)
Africa
Devolved Wildlife Ownership Rights to Landholders

13. The
susTainable-use
Paradigm

14. game
ranching
namibi
a

17. 375 KM2

18. Gras Hunting Ranch
Kalkrand, Namibia
Photo Courtesy of
Errol Lambrechts

20. game
ranching
souTh
africa

21. SA Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

22. Certificate of
Adequate Enclosure
Law (1984)
SA Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

23. SA Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

24. SA Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

25. Southern White Rhino Population in 1896 ~> 20
Hluhluwe-Umfolozi
Southern White Rhino
Ceratotherium Simum Simum
Tholo Game Ranch
Ghanzi District, Botswana Photo by Gluck

26. SANParks, DEAT

28. cbnr
m
Community-Based
Natural-Resource-
Management

29. Community-Based-Natural-Resource-
Management
1990 Namibia Independence
N 1996 Namibia Nature Conservation Amendment Act of 1996
a
m 1998 1st Communal Conservancy, Torra Conservancy created.
1980 Zimbabwe Independence
Z 1980 WINDFALL (Wildlife Industries New Development for All)
i
m CAMPFIRE (Community Areas Management Programme
1989
for Indigenous Resources)
Devolved Wildlife Ownership Rights to Indigenous Peoples
IUCN Institutes Category System for Protected Areas
1994 Category VI: Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources

30. NACSO

33. Conservancies are
Resource-Dependent

34. Central Plateau
Kalkrand, Namibia Photo by Gluck

35. Central Plateau
Kalkrand, Namibia Photo by Gluck

37. camPfir
e
Community-Based-Natural-Resource-
Management
Zimbabw
e

38. Protected Lands
Zimbabwe

39. camPfire Zimbabwe
Community Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources
90% of the revenues which accrue to the CAMPFIRE wards is from Trophy-Hunting
Allocation of Revenue from CAMPFIRE Wildlife (1989-2006 US$)
Disbursed to Communities Management, etc. Total
Total … $20,856,202 $20,570,322 $41,426,524
Pct (%) ... 50.30% 49.70% 100%
Between 1984 and 2000, numbers of wildlife in Zimbabwe quadrupled.
Source: USAID-COPASSA (2010)

40. Save Valley
Conservancy
• 24 ranches
• 3387 km2
• Largest private
preserve in Africa
(du Toit 1998)

41. cbnr
m
Community-Based-Natural-Resource-
Management
boTswan
a

43. ecological
succession

44. (Inouye & Tilman 1995)

45. Cattle to Game Ranch Greater Species Richness
Conversion Greater Species Diversity
Photos & Analysis Courtesy of
Ekofocus Game Ranch Services

49. World Database on Protected Areas: (planning to include) privately owned
& managed protected areas, even where these do not have legal protection
IUCN (World Conservation Union) Governance Categories
Type C: Private Governance: (including) not-for-profit or for-profit schemes
Type D: Governance by indigenous peoples and communities.
Convention on Biological Diversity
Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (Aichi Biodiversity Targets)
The Addis Ababa Principles & Guidelines for Sustainable Use of Biodiversity
Society for Ecological Restoration
Guidelines for Developing and Managing Ecological Restoration Projects

50. The susTainable-use
Paradigm
a boTTom-uP
regulaTory mechanism

51. after

56. Note: This Presentation includes the Abstract and Power-Point
but no Paper. The paper is in process. - Gluck

58. § The Protection Paradigm ( A Top-Down Regulatory Mechanism)
§ Private Ownership of Wildlife
§ The Sustainable-Use Paradigm (A Bottom-Up Regulatory Mechanism)
§ Game-Ranching
Namibia
South Africa
§ Community-Based-Natural-Resource-Management (CBNRM)
CBNRM Namibia
CAMPFIRE Zimbabwe
§ Ecological Succession
§ Ecosystem Services & Valuation
§ Concerns about Game-Ranching and CBNRM