Every year more than 1.5 million people are affected new cancer cases in US. According to Jaganath (2008), 56.5 million people dead annually due to chronic degenerative disease. 220 million people are affected with diabetes in the world (WHO 2011) and it will be more than 350 million by 2030 (WHO 2003). Total healthcare cost of diabetes is US$5621 per person in developed countries, US$356 in developing countries and $160 in Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2017). So, what will be our strategy to get rid of this? Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of a wide range of vital micronutrients, vitamins (provitamin A carotenoids, vitamin C, and folate), phytochemicals (non - provitamin A carotenoids and polyphenols), and fiber (Amiot and Lairon, 2010 ). These components with a wide range of chemical structures and functionality provide different beneficial effects beyond simple nutrition, resulting in improved health. In general, fruits and vegetables are generally low - energy foods because of a high proportion of nondigestible carbohydrate polymers such as cellulose and pectin and lower levels of proteins and lipids. Thus, fruits and vegetables supplement the high - energy foods in diet and can be seen to provide a balance in the transit of food through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), as well as to aid digestion and subsequent action by the gut microflora in the large intestine. The influence of fruit and vegetable components (prebiotics) in intestinal health, through viscosity modification of foods during their transition through the GIT, immunity modulation, prevention of inflammation, and maintenance of an ideal population of microflora (probiotics) is continuously being unraveled.

1. Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
1
Md. Rahat Ahmad
MS in Animal Nutrition
Bangladesh Agricultural University
Mumensing-2202

2. Outlines
• Chronic degenerative diseases
• Functional food
• Nutraceutical
- Definition
- Sources
- Function
• Mode of action of nutraceuticals
• Functional food on chronic diseases
- Causes
- Remedy
• Safety issue
• Summary
2

3. Chronic degenerative diseases
Chronic
Degenerative
disease
Increased caloric intake
Low intake of functional foods
Sedentary habits
Overconsumption of high energy
3

4. Economic burden to society
• According to Jaganath (2008), 56.5 million people dead
annually due to chronic degenerative disease.
• 220 million people are affected. diabetes in the world
(WHO 2011) and it will be more than 350 million by
2030 (WHO 2003).
• Total healthcare cost of diabetes is US$5621 per person in
developed countries, US$356 in developing countries and
$160 in Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2017 ).
• Every year more than 1.5 million people are affected new
cancer cases in US.
4

5. Graph: Type-2 diabetics affected people in Bangladesh (IDF-2015)
Type 2 diabetics in Bangladesh
5
$3.2 billion
$160/ person
20
Million

6. Options forward
Changing dietary patterns
Intake of fiber
Vegetable fat
Trans fatty acids
Intake of alcohol
Functional food
Active stress free life
Changing lifestyle
6

7. Functional food
7
Contains bioactive compounds
Provide specific health or medical benefits
Helpful for the prevention and treatment of diseases
Special nutritional value

8. Nutraceuticals
8
Known as functional food ingredients
Naturally occurring substances in foods
Effective in the prevention or treatment of diseases
Improvement of physiological performance
Enhance human health
DHAAllicin Ascorbic acid

9. Importance of taking functional food
9
Provide vital micronutrients, vitamins,
phytochemicals and fiber.
Provide different beneficial effects beyond simple
nutrition.
Provide low – energy.
Immunity modulation.
Prevention of inflammation.
Prebiotics.

10. Allicin
Reduce risk of
cancer and CVD
Ascorbic acid
Reduce oxidative
stress
Sources of nutraceuticals and their functions
10

11. β- carotene
AntioxidantCyanidin
Co-enzyme Q10
11
Cont’d

12. Capsaicin
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Insoluble fibre
Reduce colonic pressure
Lower cholesterol level
Flavonoids
Lower cholesterol level
Anticarcinogenic
Antioxidant
12
Cont’d

13. Indoles
Isothiocyanates
δ-Limonoids
Anti-cancer
agent
13
Cont’d

14. β-Glucan Lower blood lipid
Lecithin Lower LDL
Lutein
Antioxidant
Improve vision
14
Cont’d

15. CLA Bone protection
DHA
EPA
Reduce CVD
Choline Reduce AD
15
Cont’d

16. Mode of action of nutraceuticals
16
Taking unpaired electrons for molecules by
antioxidants
Inhibition of calcium - calmodulin - mediated
biochemical reactions by polyphenols
Modulate biochemical pathways to prevent cancer
Binding cholesterol by β-glucan
By regulating gene expression
Inhibiting of carbohydrate - digesting enzymes.

17. 17
β- glucan
Fig: Mode of action of β-glucan on cholesterol ( Othman et al.,2011)
Supplement
Sugar

18. 18
Ascorbic acid
Fig: Possible mechanisms involved in enzymatic antioxidant status (Monroy et al., 2013. )

19. 19
Indoles
Fig: Pleiotropic effects of indoles (Ahmad et al., 2011)

20. 20
Lecithin
Fig: Effect of lecithin on cholesterol absorption
Lecithin

21. Health regulatory properties
21
 Higher fiber, fish, and polyphenols with lower red meat
in diet reduce incidences of cardiovascular diseases.
 Consumption of fish and vegetables increases longevity.
 Consumption of spices reduce incidence of cancers.
 Diet having high fiber, vegetable fat and lower trans
fatty acids reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetics.

22. Cardiovascular diseases
Fruits and vegetables containing antioxidants
(Duthie and Brown, 1994 ).
Consumption of fish at least twice a week.
Omega - 3 fatty acids containing food
(Simopoulos, 1997).
DHA and EPA rich food (ex: fish oil).
22

23. 23
Bioactivecomponents
Fig: Effect of bioactive component on CVDs (MarQuiñones et al., 2013).
Cont’d
Supplement

24. Phytochemicals and bioactive substances in foods
(Delaquis and Mazza, 1998).
Good diet (Milner, 1994).
Organosulfur compounds.
Ellagic acid, flavonoids and glucosinolates
(Jeffery and Jarrell, 2000).
Antioxidant rich food (Patterson et al. 1997).
Cancer
24

25. Functional food Epigenomics Cancer cell
Fig: Changing our epigenomics by functional food to prevent cancer
25
Cont’d

26. Increasing physical activity.
Consuming non-starch polysaccharides.
Reducing energy-dense, micronutrient-poor diets
(Swinburn, Caterson, Seidell, & James, 2004).
High protein diets (Erlwanger et al., 2007).
MUFA or oleic acid rich food (Lopez-Miranda et
al., 2010).
Obesity and Type II diabetes
26

27. Mechanism of development of type 1 diabetes
Supplement

28. 28
Mechanism of development of type 2 diabetes
Supplement

29. Fig: Insulin resistance on human (Kleinridders et al., 2014) 29
Cont’d

30. 30
Type 1 diabetes vs Type 2 diabetes
Supplement

31. DHA had the strongest protective effect against
AD.
Taking food containing DHA twice a week has
been found to reduce the risk of AD by 60%
(Morris et al., 2003).
Choline rich food like meat, milk, different bean
etc (Caamano et al.,1994).
Alzheimer’s disease
31

32. Fig: Functional food on Alzheimer's disease
AD affected brain Functional food Healthy brain
DHA
32
Cont’d

33. Anemia
 Anemia is a medical condition in which the
hemoglobin concentration is less than normal.
Normal Anemia

34. Figure 16-8: Iron metabolism
Iron Metabolism

35. 35
Ferritin

36. Mechanism of ferritin production

37. Causes of development of IDA

38.  A goiter is an
abnormal of the
thyroid gland
and can occur
for a number of
different reasons.
38
Goiter
 The most
common cause for
goiter is iodine
deficiency.

39. Mechanism of Thyroid Gland

40. 3) With the help of other
hormones in the body T4
will turn into T3 which
is an active hormone.
1) The pituitary releases
TSH into the thyroid
gland.
How Does the Organ Normally Work?
2) If the thyroid has the
right amount of minerals
it will release an inactive
hormone T4

41. 4
❖ Causing the
precursors to the
hormone to build up.
❖ Causing a Goiter.
Without Iodine
How Does the Disease Affect Homeostasis?

42. TRH
Excess TSH
Low T4
Hypothalamus
Anterior
Pituitary
Thyroid
Enlargeme
nt (Goiter)
Low Negative
Feedback
Insufficient dietary iodine
Iodine
TRH
TSH
T3 & T4
Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
Iodine Thyroid
Negative
Feedback
Sufficient dietary iodine
Mechanism of development of goiter

43. 43
Safety issues
Aspirin
Immunosuppressants
HIV protease inhibitor
Garlic
Ginger
Aspirin
H2 blockers
Acid - blocking medication

44. 44
Cont’d
Aspirin
Antidepressants
Heart medication
Insulin
Oral antidiabetic medicines
Ginseng
Kava kava
products
Sedatives
Sleeping pills
Antipsychotic drugs
Alcohol

45. Summary
45
 Degenerative disease causes continuous degenerative cell
changes
 Having serious economic impact to the society
 Bangladesh losses $3.2 billion/ year for diabetics
 Functional foods provide bioactive components
 Bioactive components are
-free radical scavenger
-immunomodulator
-modulator for gene expression

46. 46
Summary
Functional food having specified health use.
β-Carotene, Cyanidin, Coenzyme Q10 are used to reduce
oxidative stress in cell.
β-glucan lowers the blood cholesterol by forming gel that
binds cholesterol in SI and takes it out of the body.
Consumption of fish at least twice a week reduces the risk
of CVDs.
Avoid taking garlic, ginger with aspirin that interfere with
the clotting of blood.

47. 47

49. Supplementary materials
49

50. 50
1: Oat beta-glucan
A: Stomach | B: Intestine | C: Blood | D: Liver
Cholesterol lowering effect of β- glucan
2: Oat beta-glucan
binds bile acids which
are then excreted
normally.
3: New bile acids are
synthesised in the
liver, a process which
uses cholesterol, thus
the LDL cholesterol
level in the blood is
lowered.
Back

51. 51
Back
Blood sugar and oat β- glucan
1 without oat beta-glucan 2 with oat beta-glucan
Fig: Effect of beta-glucan on blood glucose level

52. 52
Polyphenol on CVDs
Back

53. 53
Autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes
Healthy Diabetic
Back

54. Mechanism of development of type 2 diabetes
Back

55. 55
Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetics
Back

56. EFFECT OF INSULIN ON GLUCOSE
UPTAKE AND METABOLISM
Insulin binds
to its
receptor
Starts many
protein
activation
cascades
glycogen
synthesis
These include
translocation of
Glut-4 transporter
to the plasma
membrane and
influx of glucose
glycolysis triglyceride

57. Glucose Transporters (GLUT)
Transpor
ter
Tissue Glucose
(mmol/L)
Functions
GLUT 1 All tissue specilly
red cells & brain
1-2 Basal uptake of glucose
transport across BBB
GLUT 2 Β-cells of pancrea
Liver Kidney gut
15-20 Regulation of insulin rele-
-ase, glucose homeostasis
GLUT 3 Brain, Kidney,
Placenta & other
<1 Uptake into Neurons &
other tissue
GLUT 4 Muscle Addipose 5 Insulin mediated uptake
GLUT 5 Gut & Kidney 1-2 Absorption of Fructose