Different Types Of OS

●
Operating systems were first developed in the late 1950s to
manage tape storage
●
The General Motors Research Lab implemented the first OS
in the early 1950s for their IBM 701
●
In the mid-1960s, operating systems started to use disks
●
In the late 1960s, the first version of the Unix OS was
developed
●
The first OS built by Microsoft was DOS. It was built in 1981
by purchasing the 86-DOS software from a Seattle company
●
The present-day popular OS Windows first came to existence
in 1985 when a GUI was created and paired with MS-DOS.
History Of OS
History Of OS

●
The three most common operating
systems for personal computers are
Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.
●
The most common operating systems for
mobile devices are Android, IOS, KaiOS,
SymbianOS, .

Microsoft Windows
●
Microsoft created the Windows operating
system in the mid-1980s. There have been
many different versions of Windows, but the
most recent ones are Windows 10 (released in
2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009),
and Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes
pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to
make it the most popular operating system in
the world.

➢Windows 1.0
● Released On November 20, 1985
● Codesname : Interface Manager
● Interface Type: GUI
● Kernel: 16-bit
● Source model : Closed Source
● Preceded by : Windows Premiere Edition (1985)
● Succeeded by : Windows 2.0 (1987)
● Windows 1.0 System requirements: Video [CGA/HGC/EGA], DOS [MS-
DOS 2.0], RAM [256 KB or more, ], Disk Drive(s) [2 double-sided disk
drives or hard drive]
● Windows 1.0 included programs : Microsoft DOS Executive, Calculator,
Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard, Clock, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal,
Write
● Unsupported as of December 31, 2001
• Final release : 1.04 : April 27, 1987
• Developer: Microsoft Corporation
• Release version : 1.01
• Available in : English
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows 1.02
● Released On May 14, 1986
● Kernel: 16-bit
● International release available outside of the United states
● Windows 1.02 System requirements : MS-DOS 2.0, 256 KB RAM, Two
floppy disk drives or an hard drive.
● Windows 1.02 included programs : Microsoft DOS Executive, Calculator,
Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard, Clock, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal,
Write, Paint, DOS Command Line.
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows 1.03
● Released On August 21, 1986
● Kernel: 16-bit
● Preceded by : MS-DOS (1981-2000)
● Universal release in the US and other markets
● Windows 1.03 extra included programs : Additional device drivers, an
improved SDK and updated Control Panel, Reversi, Write, and Paint to
1.03, a check/debug version dated in December 1986, USER.EXE app.
● There are twelve different versions of 1.03 with timestamps ranging from
summer 1986 to late 1987
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows 1.04
● Released On April 10, 1987
● Kernel: 16-bit
● Preceded by : MS-DOS (1981-2000)
● Windows 1.04 extra included programs : Support for IBM's new PS/2 line
of computers (though PS/2 mouse and VGA display drivers only shipped
with IBM's OEM release), as well as an updated boot screen with
Microsoft's new logo from 1987, Available in multiple languages,
Calculator, Control Panel, and Reversi have been updated to 1.04.
Spooler doesn't show what port the printer isn't connected to anymore.
● the first retail release to be shipped on 3.5" floppies in addition to 5.25"
ones.
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows 2.03
● Released On December 9, 1987
● Kernel: 16-bit
● Succeeded by : Windows 2.1x (1988)
● Windows 2.03 System requirements : MS-DOS 3.0 or later, 512 KB RAM,
720 KB disk space.
● Windows 2.03 extra included programs : Adds an updated version of
Windows Setup which includes a new README.TXT reader, Support for
640x450 (VGA) mode has been removed, support for PS/2 mice is
included in MOUSE.DRV, which allows the virtual mouse in many
virtualization packages to be used out of the box.
● It is the earliest confirmed retail version of Windows 2.x, and includes
drivers that are missing in the OEM version.
• Available in : English, French, Spanish
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows 2.10
● Kernel: 16-bit
● Preceded by : Windows 2.0 (1987)
● Windows 2.10 System requirements : Hard disk is required to install the
Windows operating system, Intel 8088/8086 processor or higher, 512 KB
RAM, 720 KB disk space, MS-DOS 3.30 or later.
● Windows 2.10 extra included programs : Supports application overlapping
one another instead of displaying apps in the tiled window, Microsoft
added some more useful features in this version that speed up the work,
such as keyboard shortcuts, window max / minimal, desktop icons etc.
The control panel makes its first appearance in Windows 2.0.
● Editons : Windows/286 (for Intel 80286) & Windows/386 (for Intel 80386)
• Available in : English, French, Finnish
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows 2.11
● Released On March 13, 1989
● Kernel: 16-bit
● Windows 2.10 System requirements : Hard disk is required to install the
Windows operating system, Intel 8088/8086 processor or higher, 512 KB
RAM, 720 KB disk space, MS-DOS 3.30 or later.
● Windows 2.10 extra included programs : Minor changes to memory
management, adds support for AppleTalk, and updates the printing stack.
It was marketed as "Windows/386" to denote it from the 286 variant. As
this build is i386-specific, it has support for virtual 8086 mode.
● Editons : Windows/286 (for Intel 80286) & Windows/386 (for Intel 80386)
• Available in : English, French
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows 3.0
● Kernel: 16-bit
● Preceded by : Windows 2.1x (1988)
● Windows 3.0 System requirements : 8086/8088 processor or better, 384K of
free conventional memory (real mode, protected modes require more), Hard
disk with 6-7MB of free space, CGA/EGA/VGA/Hercules/8514/A graphics and
an appropriate and compatible monitor, Microsoft DOS version 3.1 or higher.
● Windows 3.0 extra included programs : Improved user interface, Better
memory management with Intel's 80286 and 80386 processors, Multiple DOS
program multitasking support, Revamped Control Panel, Solitaire card game
program added, Improved Paintbrush program, Improved Windows icons in
EGAVGA mode, support for 256 color VGA, (Multimedia Extensions 1.x
release): included a CD-ROM drive and sound card support, such as the
Creative Labs Sound Blaster Pro.
● Windows 3.0x was the only version of Windows that could be run in three
different memory modes: Real mode, Standard mode, 386 Enhanced
mode.
• Succeeded by : Windows 3.1x (1992)
• Available in : English, French
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows 3.1
● Kernel: 16-bit
● Succeeded by : Windows NT 3.1 / Windows 3.2 (1993)
● Windows 3.1 System requirements: MS-DOS or PC-DOS or MS-DOS
6.22, at least an Intel 80286 or equivalent to run
● Windows 3.1 extra included programs : TrueType font support, 32-bit disk
access, Minesweeper, Enhanced mode DOS/Windows interaction (some
DOS program can use Windows Clipboard), Icons more detailed and can
be dragged/dropped, RAM limit increased to 64 MB (single applications
limited to 16 MB), Standard Multimedia support, 32-bit disk access
(Improved Windows performance)
● Codesname : Janus, Bombay, Kato (Winball)/Jastro (Sparta), Snowball.
• Final release : 3.11 : December 31, 1993
• Available in : English, French, Japanese
• Latest bulid : 103
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows NT 3.1
● Released On July 27, 1993
● Codesname : Razzle, NT OS/2
● Preceded by : Windows 3.1x (1992)
● Succeeded by : Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
● Final release : Service Pack 3 (3.1.528) : October 29, 1994
● Windows NT 3.1 System requirements: At least an Intel 386
microprocessor with 25 MHz, 12 MB of RAM and a hard drive with 75 MB
of free disk space.
● Windows NT 3.1 extra included programs : A true 32-bit native operating
system, Windows NT descended from the work Microsoft did while
collaborating with IBM on OS/2 after the great split, and bringing in former
DEC employees like Dave Cutler, bringing a VMS influence into the
system.
• Release version : NT 3.1
• Platforms : x86
● Kernel: 16-bit

➢Windows for Workgroups 3.11
● Released On August 11, 1993
● Codesname : Snowball
● Kernel: 16-bit
● Windows 3.11 extra System requirements: MS-DOS 6.22, 386 or better,
Winsock package / add-on package(Wolverine)
● Windows 3.11 extra included programs : supported 32-bit file access, full
32-bit network redirectors, and VCACHE.386 file cache, shared between
them, support standard mode, superior performance to most of the third-
party TCP/IP Windows stacks available.
● Succeeded by : Windows 95 (1995) / Windows NT 3.1 (1993)
• Final release : 3.11 : December 31, 1993
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows 3.2
● Released On November 22, 1993
● Codesname : Snowball
● Kernel: 16-bit
● Windows 3.2 extra System requirements: A ten-disk version of MS-DOS
that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some
translated utilities.
● Windows 3.2 extra included programs : An updated version of the
Chinese version of Windows 3.1, it only fixed issues related to the
complex input system for the Chinese language.
● Succeeded by : Windows 95 (1995) / Windows NT 3.1 (1993)
• Final release : 3.2 : April 27, 1994
• Available in : Chinese, English, French,
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows NT 3.5
● Released On September 21, 1994
● Codesname : Daytona
● Interface Type : GUI
● Kernel : Hybrid
● Preceded by : Windows NT 3.1 (1993)
● Editions : Windows NT 3.5 Workstation
● Windows NT 3.5 extra System requirements: It cannot be installed on a
computer with a processor newer than the original Pentium without
modifying setup files.
● Windows NT 3.5 extra included programs : VFAT, and support for I/O
completion ports, startup screen, Interface was updated, It also upgraded
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) support from version 1.0 to version
2.0 and is more efficient - performance is higher and it requires less
memory than Windows NT 3.1.
● Final release : Service Pack 3 (3.5.807) : June 21, 1995
• Available in : Chinese, English, French
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows NT 3.51
● Kernel : Hybrid
● Editions : Windows NT 3.51 Workstation
● Windows NT 3.51 extra System requirements: 386 or 486/25 processor,
16 MB RAM, VGA video, 90 MB Hard disk drive free space.
● Windows NT 3.51 extra included programs : The first release of Windows
NT with support for the PowerPC architecture, Introduced PCMCIA
support, NTFS file compression, replaceable GINA, 3D acceleration in
OpenGL, Windows 95-styled common controls, new versions of Sound
Recorder, Media Player and Windows Help applications.
● Final release : 3.51 (Build 1057: Service Pack 5) : September 19, 1996
• Platforms : x86

➢Windows 95
● Released On August 15, 1995, August 24, 1995 (Availability)
● Kernel : Monolithic
● Codesname : Chicago
● Extended support ended on December 31, 2001
● Final release : OEM Service Release 2.5(4.0.950 C) : November 26, 1997
● Windows 95 extra System requirements: Intel 80386DX CPU, 4 MB RAM,
50–55 MB hard disk space,
● Windows 95 extra included programs : Plug and Play, Long file names,
32-bit, Core improvements in OEM Service Releases, Accessibility
features
● Editions : Windows 95, Windows 95 SP1 (December 31, 1995), Windows
95 OSR1 (February 14, 1996), Windows 95 OSR2 "Codenamed Detroit"
(August 24, 1996), Windows 95 USB Supplement to OSR2 (August 27,
1997), Windows 95 OSR2.1 (August 27, 1997), Windows 95 OSR2.5
(November 26, 1997)
● Mainstream support ended on December 31, 2000
● Succeeded by : Windows 98 (1998)
• Platforms : IA-32

➢Windows NT 4.0
● Released On July 31, 1996, August 24, 1996 (Availability)
● Kernel : Hybrid
● Release version : NT 4.0
● Platforms : IA-32, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC
● Codesname : Shell Update Release (SUR)
● Windows NT 4.0 extra System requirements: 486 CPU or RISC-based CPU,
such as Alpha, MIPS or PowerPC, 16 MB RAM, 110 MB free hard disk space,
VGA or SVGA compatible graphics card, CD-ROM drive
● Windows NT 4.0 extra included programs : Crypto API, Telephony API 2.0
with limited Unimodem support, which was the first release of TAPI on
Windows NT, DCOM and new OLE features, Microsoft Transaction Server for
network applications, Microsoft Message Queuing (MSMQ), which improved
interprocess communication, Winsock 2 and the TCP/IP stack improvements,
File system defragmentation support
● Editions : Windows NT 4.0 Workstation, Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server
"Codenamed Hydra", Windows NT 4.0 Embedded "Codenamed Impala"
● Final release : 4.0 SP6a with Post SP6a Security Rollup (Build 1381) : July
26, 2001
• Mainstream support ended on June 30, 2002
● Extended support ended on June 30, 2004
● Succeeded by : Windows 2000 (2000)
• Latest bulid : 1381(Service Pack 6a)

➢Windows 98
● Released On May 15, 1998, June 25, 1998 (Availability)
● Kernel : Monolithic kernel (DOS)
● Release version : 4.10
● Preceded by : Windows 95 (1995)
● Codesname : Memphis, ChiCairo.
● Windows 98 extra System requirements: 486DX2/66 MHz or higher
processor, 16 MB of RAM, At least 500 MB of space available on HDD, VGA
or higher resolution monitor (640x480), CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive (floppy
install is possible but slow).
● Windows 98 extra included programs : Internet Explorer 6 SP1 and Outlook
Express 6 SP1, Windows Media Format Runtime and Windows Media Player
9 Series on Windows 98 SE and Windows Media Player 7.1 on Windows 98.,
Windows Media Encoder 7.1 and Windows Media 8 Encoding Utility, DirectX
9.0c, MSN Messenger 7.0,
● Editions : Windows 98 Second Edition, May 5, 1999
● Final release : Second Edition (4.10.2222 A) : May 5, 1999
• Latest bulid : 2222 A
● Extended support ended on July 11, 2006
● Succeeded by : Windows Me (2000)

➢Windows 2000
● Released On December 15, 1999, February 17, 2000 (Availability)
● Kernel : Hybrid (Windows NT kernel)
● Editions : Professional.
● Codesname : Windows NT 5.0
● Windows 2000 System requirements: Pentium II 300 Mhz, 128 MB Memory,
3 MB Hard drive space, 800×600 VGA or better monitor, Keyboard or mouse.
● Windows 2000 extra included programs : Plug and Play and hardware
support improvements, Shell, NTFS 3.0, Encrypting File System, Basic and
dynamic disk storage, Accessibility, Languages and locales, Games, System
utilities, Recovery Console, Windows Scripting Host 2.0, Networking,
Distributed File System, Active Directory, Volume fault tolerance.
● Source model : Closed Source, Source-available (through Shared Source
Initiative)
● Final release : Service Pack 4 with Update Rollup (5.0.2195) : September 13,
2005
● Succeeded by : Windows XP (2001)

➢Windows ME
● Released On June 19, 2000, September 14, 2000 (Availability)
● Kernel : Monolithic kernel
● Release version : 4.90
● Preceded by :Windows 98 SE (1999)
● Mainstream support ended on December 31, 2003
● Windows Me System requirements: Pentium, 150 Mhz, 32 MB Memory, 320
MB Free space, CD or DVD drive, 3.5" inch floppy drive, VGA, Sound card,
Speakers or headphones, Mouse or compatible pointing device.
● Windows Me extra included programs : Faster boot times, Windows Image
Acquisition, Improved power management and suspend/resume operations,
USB and FireWire support improvements, Windows Movie Maker, Windows
Media Player 7, Windows DVD Player, Image Preview, Games, Net Crawler,
New TCP/IP Stack,
● Final release : 4.90.3000 : September 14, 2000
• Codesname : Millennium
● Succeeded by : Windows XP (2001)

➢Windows XP
● Released On August 24, 2001, October 25, 2001 (Availability)
● Developer: Microsoft Corporation
● Preceded by : Windows Me (2000)
● Platforms : IA-32, x86-64, and Itanium
● Mainstream support ended on April 14, 2009
● Final release :Service Pack 3 (5.1.2600) : April 21, 2008
● Windows Me System requirements: Pentium or compatible, 233 Mhz BIOS or
compatible firmware, 64 MB Memory, 1.5 GB Master boot record used Free
space, CD-ROM drive or compatible, Super VGA (800 × 600), Keyboard,
mouse,
● Windows XP extra included programs : User interface, Infrastructure,
Networking and internet functionality, Other features
● Editions : Windows XP Starter, Windows XP Home, Windows XP
Professional, Windows XP 64-bit Edition, Windows XP Embedded
"Codenamed Mantis", Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (July 8, 2006)
● Source model : Closed-source, Source-available (through Shared Source
Initiative)
• Extended support ended on April 8, 2014
● Succeeded by : Windows Vista (2006)
• Latest bulid : 2600, (Service Pack 3)
● Codesname : Whistler
● Kernel : Hybrid (NT)

➢Windows XP Professional x64 Edition
● Kernel : Hybrid kernel
Initiative)
● Windows NT 5.2 System requirements: Processor: Pentium III, Memory: 512
Mb, Hard disk space: 5 GB available, Video card: Super VGA (800 x 600)
● Windows NT 5.2 extra included programs : Based upon Windows Server
2003 SP1 (build 5.2.3790.1830) as that was the latest version of Microsoft
Windows during the operating system's development, but takes Windows XP
as its name. It is designed to use the expanded 64-bit memory address
space provided by the AMD64 architecture Intel refers to its implementation
of the technology as EM64T.
● Final release : Service Pack 2 (5.2.3790.3959) : March 13, 2007
• Latest bulid : 3790 (Service Pack 2)
• Codesname : Whistler
● Extended support ended on April 8, 2014

➢Windows Vista
● Released On November 8, 2006, January 30, 2007 (Availability)
● Kernel : Hybrid (NT)
● Platforms : IA-32 and x86-64
Initiative)
● Windows Vista System requirements: Processor: 800 MHz Processor, 512
MB Memory, Super VGA, 20 GB HDD, 15 GB Free space, CD-ROM drive.
● WindowsVista extra included programs : End-user, Core, Security-related,
System management, Developer, Installation.
● Editions : Windows Vista Starter, Windows Vista Home Basic, Windows Vista
Home Premium, Windows Vista Business, Windows Vista Enterprise,
Windows Vista Ultimate.
● Final release : Service Pack 2 (6.0.6002) : May 26, 2009
• Extended support ended on April 11, 2017
• Codesname : Longhorn

➢Windows 7
● Released On July 22, 2009, October 22, 2009 (Availability)
● Kernel : Hybrid
● Platforms : IA-32 and x86-64
● Mainstream support ended on January 13, 2015
Initiative)
● Windows 7 System requirements: Processor: 1 GHz IA-32 processor, 1 GB
RAM, DirectX 9 graphics processor with WDDM driver model 1.0, 16 GB
Storage, DVD drive or USB drive.
● Windows 7 extra included programs : Start Menu, Taskbar and Notification
Area, Windows Snipping Tool, Displaying to a External Monitor or Projector,
Using Local Area Networks (LAN/WiFi), Windows Explorer Favorites,
Windows Explorer Libraries.
● Editions : Windows 7 Starter, Windows 7 Home Basic, Windows 7 Home
Premium, Windows 7 Professional, Windows 7 Enterprise, Windows 7
Ultimate, Windows Thin PC.
● Final release : Service Pack 1 with March 19, 2019 or later update rollup
(6.1.7601.24499) : March 19, 2019
• Extended support ended on January 14, 2020
● Codesname : Windows 7

➢Windows 8
● Kernel : Hybrid
● Platforms : IA-32 and x64
● Unsupported as of January 12, 2016
Initiative)
● Windows 8 System requirements: Processor 1 GHz clock rate, IA-32 or x64
architecture, Support for PAE, NX and SSE2, (RAM)IA-32 edition: 1 GB, x64
edition: 2 GB, DirectX 9 graphics device, WDDM 1.0 or higher driver,
Keyboard and mouse,Hard disk space IA-32edition: 16 GB x64 edition: 20GB
● Windows 8 extra included programs : Metro start, Traditonal desktop, Metro
apps, Windows store, Tablet ready, Internet explorer 10 for metro, Touch
interface, SkyDrive connectivity, Charms bar, Search bar, Windows 8 snap-to
features, Recover your pc, Simplified settings, storage spaces, file history,
● Editions : Windows 8, Windows 8 Pro, Windows 8 Enterprise, Windows 8
OEM
● Final release : 6.2 (Build 9200) : August 1, 2012
• Succeeded by : Windows 8.1 (2013)
● Codesname : 8

➢Windows 8.1
● Kernel : Hybrid
● Platforms : IA-32 and x64
● Mainstream support ended on January 9, 2018
Initiative)
● Windows 8.1 System requirements: 1GHz (gigahertz) processor or faster.
Your processor will either be 32 bits or 64 bits, 1GB (gigabyte) RAM (32-bit)
or 2GB RAM (64-bit), 16GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20GB (64-
bit)., DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver, A screen
resolution of at least 1024x768 pixels.
● Windows 8.1 extra included programs : Camera Access from the Lock
Screen, Xbox Radio Music, Bing Smart Search, Bing Food & Drink, Multi-
Window Mode, Bing Health & Fitness, Improved Windows Store, SkyDrive
Saving,
● Editions : Windows 8.1, Windows 8.1 Pro, Windows 8.1 Enterprise, Windows
8.1 OEM, Windows 8.1 with Bing.
●
• Extended support ends on January 10, 2023
• Succeeded by : Windows 10 (2015)
● Codesname : Blue

➢Windows 10
● Released On July 15, 2015, July 29, 2015 (Availability)
● Kernel : Hybrid (Windows NT )
● Platforms : IA-32, x86-64, ARMv7, ARM64
● Available in : 110 languages
● Developer: Microsoft Corporation
● All editions except LTSB/LTSC: Major versions serviced for 18 months from
release date (30 months for Enterprise customers).
● 2015 LTSB: Mainstream support until October 13, 2020; Extended support
until October 14, 2025
● 2016 LTSB: Mainstream support until October 12, 2021; Extended support
until October 13, 2026
● 2019 LTSC: Mainstream support until January 9, 2024; Extended support
until January 9, 2029
● Final release : 2004 (10.0.19041.488) (September 3, 2020)
● Latest build : 19041 (version 2004), 18363 (version 1909), 17763 (version
1809)

Initiative), some components open source
● Windows 10 System requirements: Processor [1 GHz clock rate, IA-32 or
x86-64 architecture with support for PAE, NX and SSE2, x86-64 CPUs must
also support CMPXCHG16B, PrefetchW and LAHF/SAHF instructions.],
Memory (RAM) [IA-32 edition: 1 GB, x86-64 edition: 2 GB], Graphics card
[DirectX 9 graphics device, WDDM 1.0 or higher driver], Display [800×600
pixels], Input device [Keyboard and mouse], Storage space [32 GB].
● Windows 10 extra included programs :Start Menu Returns, Cortana on
Desktop, Xbox App, Project Spartan Browser, Improved Multitasking,
Universal Apps, Office Apps Get Touch Support, Continuum, Action Center,
Unified Settings / Control Panel.
● Editions : Windows 10 Home, Windows 10 Pro, Windows 10 Pro for
Workstations, Windows 10 Pro Education, Windows 10 Enterprise, Windows
10 Enterprise LTSC (formerly LTSB), Windows 10 Education, Windows 10
IoT Core, Windows 10 IoT Enterprise, Windows 10 S (now an operational
mode within Enterprise and Education)
● Codesname : Threshold, Redstone, 19H1, 19H2, 20H1, 20H2, 21H1, YYHx
Iron

macOS
● macOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems
created by Apple. It comes preloaded on all Macintosh computers,
or Macs. Some of the specific versions include Mojave (released
in 2018), High Sierra (2017), and Sierra (2016).
● According to StatCounter Global Stats, macOS users account for
less than 10% of global operating systems—much lower than the
percentage of Windows users (more than 80%). One reason for
this is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive.
However, many people do prefer the look and feel of macOS
over Windows.

➢Apple Mac OS
● Original name: "Mac Software" or "System" (1984)
● Name: "Mac OS" (since version 7.6, 1991)
● Full name: "Macintosh Operating System"
● Categories: Electronics, Home - Office - School
● Subcategory: Operating Systems
● Developer: Apple Computer Inc. (founded on April 1, 1976, by Steve Jobs,
Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne)
● First versions: System .85 with Finder 1.0: not a real operating system, it
was developed only to run the Macintosh Guided Tour, and released in the
related disk shipped with the Apple Macintosh 128K personal computer.
System .97 (known as 1.0) / Finder 1.0: first real Macintosh operating
system.
● Released: January 24, 1984 - Cupertino, California, USA
● Platforms: Motorola 68000 microprocessor
● Programming language: Object Pascal
● Default user interface: Graphical User Interface (GUI)
● First price: Mac OS was introduced in 1984 as being integral to the original
Apple Macintosh 128K personal computer, which had an initial selling price
of 2,495 USD

●
Features: The first Macintosh 128K machines came with a plastic
Macintosh box that included: "System Disk" floppy disk with System 1.0
(0.97) / Finder 1.0; "A Guided Tour of Macintosh", floppy disk and audio
tape. MacWrite and MacPaint applications came in a separate box that
included software disks, guided tour disk and guided tour tape. The System
file used on the January 1984 System Disk and Write/Paint disks is,
technically, "Version .97 14-Jan-84". This information was hidden from the
user, for internal reference only. For the user, this was System 1.0 / Finder
1.0. System 1 had a desktop, windows, icons, a mouse, menus, and
scrollbars. Disks had an "Empty Folder" - new folders were created by
changing the name of the Empty Folder - a replacement Empty Folder
would immediately appear. The Trash worked like a garbage chute -
anything in it would disappear with the next restart. Only one program
could be run at a time, no virtual memory or protected memory was
available.
●
Property: Apple Inc.
●
Producer website: http://www.apple.com

➢Rhapsody (operating system)
● Rhapsody was the code name given to Apple Computer's next-generation
operating system during the period of its development between Apple's
purchase of NeXT in late 1996 and the announcement of Mac OS X (now
called "macOS") in 1998. At first more than an operating system,
Rhapsody represented a new strategy for Apple, who intended the
operating system to run on x86-based PCs and DEC Alpha
workstations[citation needed] as well as on PowerPC-based Macintosh
hardware. In addition, the underlying API frameworks would be ported to
run natively on Microsoft Windows NT. Eventually, the non-Apple platforms
were dropped, and later versions consisted primarily of the OPENSTEP
operating system ported to the Power Macintosh, along with a new GUI to
make it appear more Mac-like. Several existing "classic" Mac OS
technologies were also ported to Rhapsody, including QuickTime and
AppleSearch. Rhapsody could also run Mac OS 8 in a "Blue Box"
emulation layer.

➢Mac OS X Server 1.0
● Mac OS X Server 1.0, released on March 16, 1999,is the first operating
system released into the retail market by Apple Computer based on NeXT
technology. It was the final release of the product code-named Rhapsody,
which was an interim combination of the OpenStep system (Mach OS and
OpenStep API) and Mac OS 8.
● Although Mac OS X Server 1.0's graphical "look and feel" was a variation
of the Platinum theme from Mac OS 8, its infrastructure is based on the
OPENSTEP (and thus, NeXTSTEP) operating system instead of the
classic Mac OS. The resulting product gave users a preview of the
operating system that was to become Mac OS X (now referred to as
macOS). Mac OS X Server was never officially known simply as Mac OS
X, and was ultimately rendered obsolete by Mac OS X v10.0 in 2001 and
macOS Server.

➢Mac OS X Public Beta
● The Mac OS X Public Beta (internally code named "Kodiak") was the first
publicly available version of Apple Computer's Mac OS X (now named
macOS) operating system to feature the Aqua user interface. It was
released to the public on September 13, 2000 for US$29.95. Its release
was significant as the first publicly available evidence of Apple's ability to
ship the long-awaited "next-generation Mac operating system" after the
Copland failure. It allowed software developers and early adopters to test
a preview of the upcoming operating system and develop software for the
forthcoming operating system before its final release. It is the only public
version of Mac OS X to have a code name not based on a big cat until the
release of 10.9 Mavericks in 2013. The US version had a build number of
1H39 and the international version had build number 2E14.

➢Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah
● Mac OS X version 10.0 (code named Cheetah) is the first major release of
Mac OS X and the first version of macOS 10 (until 11.0 Big Sur) (renamed
OS X in 2012 and macOS in 2016), Apple's desktop and server operating
system. Mac OS X 10.0 was released on March 24, 2001 for a price of
US$129. It was the successor of the Mac OS X Public Beta and the
predecessor of Mac OS X 10.1 (code named Puma).
● Mac OS X 10.0 was a radical departure from the classic Mac OS and was
Apple's long-awaited answer for a next generation Macintosh operating
system. It introduced a brand new code base completely separate from Mac
OS 9's, as well as all previous Apple operating systems. Mac OS X has a
new Unix-like core, Darwin, which features a new memory management
system.
● Cheetah proved to be a rocky start to the Mac OS X line, plagued with
missing features and performance issues, although it was praised for still
being a good start to an operating system still in its infancy[by whom?], in
terms of completeness and overall operating system stability. Unlike
releases of Mac OS X 10.2 to 10.8, the operating system was not externally
marketed with the name of a big cat.

➢Mac OS X 10.1 Puma
● Mac OS X 10.1 (code named Puma) is the second major release of Mac
OS X (now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system.
It superseded Mac OS X 10.0 and preceded Mac OS X 10.2. Version 10.1
was released on September 25, 2001 as a free update for Mac OS X 10.0
users. The operating system was handed out for no charge by Apple
employees after Steve Jobs' keynote speech at the Seybold publishing
conference in San Francisco. It was subsequently distributed to Mac users
on October 25, 2001 at Apple Stores and other retail stores that carried
Apple products. The operating system was better received than Mac OS X
10.0, although critics claimed that the operating system was still lacking
some features and was plagued with bugs.

➢Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar
● Mac OS X Jaguar (version 10.2) is the third major release of Mac OS X
(now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system. It
superseded Mac OS X 10.1 and preceded Mac OS X Panther. The
operating system was released on August 23, 2002 either for single-
computer installations, and in a "family pack," which allowed five
installations on separate computers in one household. Jaguar was the first
Mac OS X release to publicly use its code name in marketing and
advertisements.
● Mac OS X Jaguar required a PowerPC G3 or G4 CPU and 128 MB of
RAM. Special builds were released for the first PowerPC G5 systems
released by Apple.

➢JaguarMac OS X 10.3 Panther
● Mac OS X Panther (version 10.3) is the fourth major release of Mac OS X
(now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system. It
followed Mac OS X 10.2 and preceded Mac OS X Tiger. Apple released
Panther on October 24, 2003.
● The system requirements are: PowerPC G3, G4, or G5 processor (at least
233 Mhz), Built-in USB, At least 128 MB of RAM (256 MB recommended,
minimum of 96 MB supported unofficially), At least 1.5 GB of available
hard disk space, CD drive, Internet access requires a compatible service
provider; iDisk requires a .Mac account
● Video conferencing requires: 333 MHz or faster PowerPC G3, G4, or G5
processor, Broadband internet access (100 kbit/s or faster), Compatible
FireWire DV camera or web camera.

➢Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger
● Mac OS X Tiger (version 10.4) is the fifth major release of Mac OS X,
Apple's desktop and server operating system for Mac computers. Tiger
was released to the public on April 29, 2005 for US$129.95 as the
successor to Mac OS X 10.3 Panther. Some of the new features included
a fast searching system called Spotlight, a new version of the Safari web
browser, Dashboard, a new 'Unified' theme, and improved support for 64-
bit addressing on Power Mac G5s. Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger offered a number
of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing,
that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with
acceptable performance.

➢Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard
● Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) is the sixth major release of Mac OS X
(now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system for
Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on October 26, 2007 as the
successor of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger, and is available in two editions: a
desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version,
Mac OS X Server. It retailed for $129 for the desktop version and $499 for
Server. Leopard was superseded by Snow Leopard (version 10.6).
Leopard is the final version of macOS to support the PowerPC architecture
as Snow Leopard functions solely on Intel based Macs.

➢Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard
● Mac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6) is the seventh major release of
Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating
system for Macintosh computers.
● Snow Leopard was succeeded by Mac OS X Lion (version 10.7) on July
20, 2011. For some time on, Apple continued to sell Snow Leopard from its
online store for the benefit of users that required Snow Leopard in order to
upgrade to later versions of OS X. Snow Leopard was the last version of
Mac OS X to be distributed primarily through optical disc, as all further
releases were distributed through the Mac App Store introduced in the
Snow Leopard 10.6.6 update.
● Snow Leopard was also the last release of Mac OS X to ship with a
welcome video at first boot after installation. Reception of Snow Leopard
was positive.

➢Mac OS X 10.7 Lion
● Mac OS X Lion (version 10.7) is the eighth major release of Mac OS X
(now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system for
Macintosh computers.
● A preview of Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was publicly shown at the "Back to the
Mac" Apple Special Event on October 20, 2010. It brought many
developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of
installed applications, to the Mac, and includes support for the Mac App
Store, as introduced in Mac OS X Snow Leopard version 10.6.6. On
February 24, 2011, the first developer's preview of Lion (11A390) was
released to subscribers to the Apple Developer program. Other developer
previews were subsequently released, with Lion Preview 4 (11A480b)
being released at WWDC 2011.

➢OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion
● OS X Mountain Lion (version 10.8) is the ninth major release of OS X
(previously Mac OS X, now called macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and
server operating system for Macintosh computers. OS X Mountain Lion
was released on July 25, 2012 for purchase and download through Apple's
Mac App Store, as part of a switch to releasing OS X versions online and
every year, rather than every two years or so. Named to signify its status
as a refinement of the previous Mac OS X version, Lion, Apple's stated
aims in developing Mountain Lion were to allow users to more easily
manage and synchronise content between multiple Apple devices and to
make the operating system more familiar.

➢OS X 10.9 Mavericks
● OS X Mavericks (version 10.9) is the tenth major release of OS X (since
June 2016 rebranded as macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server
operating system for Macintosh computers. OS X Mavericks was
announced on June 10, 2013, at WWDC 2013, and was released on
October 22, 2013 worldwide.
● The update emphasized battery life, Finder improvements, other
improvements for power users, and continued iCloud integration, as well
as bringing more of Apple's iOS apps to OS X. Mavericks, which was
named after the surfing location in Northern California,[5] was the first in
the series of OS X releases named for places in Apple's home state;
earlier releases used the names of big cats.
● OS X Mavericks was the first OS X major release to be a free upgrade and
the second overall since Mac OS X 10.1 "Puma".

➢OS X 10.10 Yosemite
● OS X Yosemite (version 10.10) is the eleventh major release of OS X
(now named macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system
for Macintosh computers.
● OS X Yosemite was announced and released to developers on June 2,
2014, at WWDC 2014 and released to public beta testers on July 24,
2014. Yosemite was released to consumers on October 16, 2014.
Following the Northern California landmark-based naming scheme
introduced with OS X Mavericks, Yosemite is named after the national
park.

➢OS X 10.11 El Capitan
● OS X El Capitan (version 10.11) is the twelfth major release of OS X
(renamed to macOS in 2016), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating
system for Macintosh. It focuses mainly on performance, stability, and
security.[4] Following the Northern California landmark-based naming
scheme introduced with OS X Mavericks, El Capitan was named after a
rock formation in Yosemite National Park, signifying its goal to be a refined
version of Yosemite. El Capitan is the final version to be released under
the name OS X. El Capitan received far superior reviews when compared
to Yosemite.
● The first beta of OS X El Capitan was released to developers shortly
following the WWDC keynote on June 8, 2015. The first public beta was
made available on July 9, 2015. There were multiple betas released after
the keynote. OS X El Capitan was released to end users on September
30, 2015, as a free upgrade through the Mac App Store.

➢macOS 10.12 Sierra
● macOS Sierra (version 10.12) is the thirteenth major release of macOS
(previously Mac OS X from 2001 to 2012 and OS X from 2012 to 2016),
Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh. It was the
first version of the operating system issued under the June 2016
rebranding as macOS. Sierra is named after the Sierra Nevada mountain
range in California and Nevada. Its major new features concern Continuity,
iCloud, and windowing, as well as support for Apple Pay and Siri.
● The first beta of macOS Sierra was released to developers shortly
following the 2016 WWDC keynote on June 13, 2016. The first public-beta
release followed on July 7, 2016. It was released to end users on
September 20, 2016, as a free upgrade through the Mac App Store[6] and
it was succeeded by macOS High Sierra on September 25, 2017.

➢macOS 10.13 High Sierra
● macOS High Sierra (version 10.13) is the fourteenth major release of
macOS, Apple Inc.'s desktop operating system for Macintosh computers.
macOS High Sierra was announced at the WWDC 2017 on June 5, 2017
and was released on September 25, 2017. The name "High Sierra" refers
to the High Sierra region in California. Like with Snow Leopard, Mountain
Lion and El Capitan, the name also alludes to its status as a refinement of
its predecessor, focused on performance improvements and technical
updates rather than user features. Among the apps with notable changes
are Photos and Safari.

➢macOS 10.14 Mojave
● macOS Mojave (version 10.14) is the fifteenth major release of macOS,
Apple Inc.'s desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. Mojave
was announced at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 4,
2018, and was released to the public on September 24, 2018. The
operating system's name refers to the Mojave Desert and is part of a
series of California-themed names that began with OS X Mavericks. It
succeeded macOS High Sierra and was followed by macOS Catalina.
● macOS Mojave brings several iOS apps to the desktop operating system,
including Apple News, Voice Memos, and Home. It also includes a much
more comprehensive "dark mode", and is the final version of macOS to
support 32-bit application software.
● Mojave was well received and was supplemented by point releases after
launch.

➢macOS 10.15 Catalina
● macOS Catalina (version 10.15) is the sixteenth major release of macOS,
Apple Inc.'s desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. It is the
successor to macOS Mojave and precedes macOS Big Sur, which is
planned to be released in the second half of 2020. It was announced at
WWDC 2019 on June 3, 2019, and was released to the public on October
7, 2019. Catalina is the first version of macOS to support only 64-bit
applications and the first to include Activation Lock. It is the last version of
macOS to have the version number prefix of 10, as the next release, Big
Sur, is version 11.0.
● The operating system is named after Santa Catalina Island, which is
located off the coast of southern California.

➢macOS 11.0 Big Sur
● macOS Big Sur (version 11.0) is the next major release of macOS, Apple
Inc.'s operating system for Macintosh computers. It is the successor to
macOS Catalina (version 10.15) and was announced at Apple’s Worldwide
Developers Conference on June 22, 2020, with official public release
scheduled for later in 2020. It is named after the coastal region of Big Sur
in the Central Coast of California.
● macOS Big Sur features a major user interface redesign, and is designed
to take advantage of Apple-designed ARM processors in future Macs. On
those ARM-based Macs, it will support running iOS and iPadOS apps.
● In a symbolic gesture accompanying Apple's transition of the Mac lineup to
their own in-house Apple-designed processors, the operating system's
major version number has been incremented, from 10 to 11, for the first
time since the release of the Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000.

Linux
● Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems,
which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the
world. This is different from proprietary software like Windows, which can
only be modified by the company that owns it. The advantages of Linux
are that it is free, and there are many different distributions—or versions—
you can choose from.
● According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 2%
of global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux because it's
relatively easy to customize.
● Almost six hundred Linux distributions exist, with close to five hundred out
of those in active development. Because of the huge availability of software,
distributions have taken a wide variety of forms, including those suitable for
use on desktops, servers, laptops, netbooks, mobile phones and tablets, as
well as minimal environments typically for use in embedded systems.

• H. J. Lu's "Boot-root", the aforementioned disk
image pair with the kernel and the absolute minimal
tools to get started, in late 1991
• MCC Interim Linux, which was made available to
the public for download in February 1992
• Softlanding Linux System (SLS), released in 1992,
was the most comprehensive distribution for a short
time, including the X Window System
• Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X, a commercial distribution
first released in December 1992

➢Ubuntu
● Ubuntu is actually a relatively late arrival on the Linux scene, having been
announced in just 2004, but it's more than made up for that shorter history.
Founded by South African millionaire Mark Shuttleworth, Canonical--the
company behind Ubuntu--for many years shipped Ubuntu CDs to
interested users for free, thus speeding its market penetration.
● Ubuntu is based on Debian and includes well-known apps such as Firefox
and OpenOffice.org. It has a predictable, six-month release schedule, with
occasional Long Term Support (LTS) versions that are supported with
security updates for three to five years.
● It's also worth understanding that Ubuntu is available in various remixes
and spin-off sub-distros targeted at specific niches, such as Kubuntu,
Xubuntu and Lubuntu. Most of these differ primarily by offering a desktop
environment other than Ubuntu's standard GNOME.

➢Fedora
● Fedora is the free version of Red Hat, whose RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise
Linux) has been a commercial product since 2003. Because of that close
connection, Fedora is particularly strong on enterprise features, and it
often offers them before RHEL does.
● Fedora also offers a six-month release schedule, and its security features
are excellent. While some have viewed it as a cutting-edge distro for the
Linux "hobbyist," I think improvements over the years and widespread
popularity have combined to make it a good choice for newer Linux users
as well.

➢Linux Mint
● Currently in Distrowatch's third spot in popularity, Linux Mint is an Ubuntu-
based distro that was just launched in 2006. The operating system adds to
Ubuntu with its own, distinct desktop theme and a different set of
applications; also unique to the distro are a variety of graphical tools for
enhanced usability, such as mintDesktop for configuring the desktop
environment, mintInstall for easier software installation and mintMenu for
easier navigation.
● Mint enjoys a well-deserved reputation for ease of use, so it's another
good one for beginning users. It also includes some proprietary multimedia
codecs that are often absent from larger distributions, thereby enhancing
its hardware compatibility. Mint doesn't have a fixed release schedule, but
typically a new version comes out shortly after each stable Ubuntu
release.

➢OpenSUSE
● With some 1,200 hits per day on Distrowatch, openSUSE holds the No. 4
spot in popularity on the site and is also the foundation for Novell's SUSE
Linux Enterprise Desktop and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server products.
● The package's administration utility, YaST, is widely acknowledged as one
of the best, and its boxed edition comes with some of the best printed
documentation you'll find for any distro. I'd say openSUSE rates a
"medium" on difficulty level.
➢PCLinuxOS
● Rather than GNOME, PCLinuxOS uses the KDE desktop environment and
is essentially a lighter-weight version of Mandriva (see below). With good
support for graphics drivers, browser plugins and media codecs,
PCLinuxOS can be a good choice for beginners. Its release cycle can be
erratic, though, and there is also no 64-bit version of the software.

➢Debian
● Dating back to 1993, Debian is currently known as one of the most well-
tested and bug-free distros available today. Though it serves as the
foundation for Ubuntu, most view Debian as a distro best-suited for those
experienced with Linux. The distro uses all open-source components,
which is a good thing, but means it can be more difficult to achieve
compatibility with proprietary code such as wireless network drivers.
Debian also has a relatively slow release cycle, with stable ones coming
out every one to three years.
➢Sabayon/Gentoo
● Italian Sabayon is essentially a LiveCD version of Gentoo, which is known
for allowing users to individually optimize each component. Both are
considered advanced Linux distributions aimed primarily at experienced
users.

➢Mandriva
● Formerly known as Mandrake, Mandriva is notable for its cutting-edge
software, excellent administration suite and 64-bit edition. It was also the
first major distribution to jump on the netbook bandwagon with out-of-the
box support. Nevertheless, Mandriva has been struggling lately as a result
of some controversial decisions made by its French maker. It recently
restructured, with the result that some view the future of its community
version as uncertain.
➢Arch Linux... plus Slackware
● Arch is another package aimed primarily at experienced users interested
in tweaking and optimizing their systems. Though not in the top 10
currently, Slackware is similarly oriented toward Linux gurus.

➢ Puppy Linux... plus DSL
● Last on Distrowatch's top 10 currently is Puppy Linux, a compact distro
that's ideal for older hardware and situations where computing resources
are minimal. (Damn Small Linux, incidentally, is similar.) Though it has a
small footprint, Puppy is still full-featured and includes a variety of
configuration and application installation wizards. The whole OS is small
enough to run directly from system RAM, so applications start quickly and
respond to user input instantly.

Operating systems for
mobile devices
The operating systems we've been talking about so far were designed
to run on desktop and laptop computers. Mobile devices such as
phones, tablet computers, and MP3 players are different from
desktop and laptop computers, so they run operating systems that are
designed specifically for mobile devices. Examples of mobile
operating systems include Apple iOS and Google Android. In the
screenshot below, you can see iOS running on an iPad.
Operating systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully
featured as those made for desktop and laptop computers, and they
aren't able to run all of the same software. However, you can still
do a lot of things with them, like watch movies, browse the Web,
manage your calendar, and play games.

➢Plasma Mobile
● A few years back, KDE announced its own open source mobile OS,
Plasma Mobile. Plasma Mobile is the mobile version of the desktop
Plasma user interface, and aims to provide convergence for KDE users.
● The OS is in the development phase and can be tested on a few devices,
like LG Nexus
➢postmarketOS
● PostmarketOS (pmOS for short) is a touch-optimized, pre-configured
Alpine Linux with its own packages, which can be installed on
smartphones.
● The idea is to enable a 10-year life cycle for smartphones. You probably
already know that, after a few years, Android and iOS stop providing
updates for older smartphones. At the same time, you can run Linux on
older computers easily. PostmarketOS wants to achieve the same on the
mobile platform, by tweaking Linux into a touch-optimized platform.
● Don’t get too excited. PostmarketOS is in very early phases of
development, and it is most likely that you won’t be able to use it like a
regular smartphone yet.

➢PureOS/Librem
● Ubuntu’s convergence efforts did not materialize, but this has not deterred
others from their convergence dreams.
● Convergence, in simple terms, is having the same operating system
running on desktops, tablets, and smartphones. Ubuntu tried it and
abandoned the project. Windows also failed at it.
● The security and privacy focused company Purism has its own PureOS
Linux distribution. They are also working on a Linux-based, secure
smartphone called Librem5. Purism claims that PureOS is convergent, and
Librem smartphones will run it. Apart from PureOS, it can run GNOME and
KDE, with Debian, Ubuntu, SUSE, Fedora. and even Arch Linux.
● The motto of the Librem is to be a “phone that focuses on security by
design and privacy protection by default. Running Free/Libre and Open
Source software and a GNU+Linux Operating System designed to create
an open development utopia, rather than the walled gardens from all other
phone providers”.
● It’s more of a Linux-based smartphone rather than a Linux-based
smartphone OS, but I believe that the convergent PureOS should be able
to run on other devices with some tweaks.

➢Ubuntu Touch by UBports
● The king of desktop Linux world, Ubuntu decided to expand its territory
with its open source mobile operating system, Ubuntu Touch. Keeping
convergence in mind, Canonical (the parent company of Ubuntu)
ambitiously launched a $32 million crowdfunding campaign to build the
first Ubuntu Phone, Edge. Though it failed to get the desired amount, it still
set a new record, with over $12 million pledged to the campaign.
● After the failed crowdfunding campaign, Canonical teamed up with some
device manufacturers to launch Ubuntu Phone. Spanish manufacturer BQ
became the makers of the first device running Ubuntu Touch in February,
2015. It was soon followed by Chinese manufacturer Meizu. Those first
few devices were aimed at developers, which is the reason I advised
people not to buy the BQ Ubuntu Phone at the time.
● Two years and a few Ubuntu-based phones later, Canonical finally decided
to call it quits on their mobile OS. However, UBports is still trying to keep
Ubuntu Touch alive.
● With UBports’ efforts, Ubuntu Touch recently saw OTA 12 update. There
are a handful of devices that are supported by Ubuntu Touch. You can see
the list here.

➢LuneOS
● LuneOS is an open-source mobile OS based on Linux kernel. It may not
be a feature-rich alternative to Android (of course!). However, it is the
successor to Palm/WebOS.
● The last release was at the end of 2018. Since then, there have been no
updates to the project so far.
● The good thing about LuneOS is – if your device is compatible with
CyanogenMod, it will most probably work on LuneOS. It is being
maintained by WebOS Ports with no recent updates to it.
➢Mobian OS (Debian for mobile
devices)
● Mobian is an open-source project with aim to bring Debian GNU/Linux to
mobile devices. The project is in initial phase right now and it only supports
Pine Phone at the moment.
● Mobian has a list of applications available on its platform and it
recommends using apt package management system for these
applications.

➢Tizen
● Tizen is an open source, Linux-based mobile operating system. It is often
dubbed an official Linux mobile OS, as the project is supported by the
Linux Foundation.
● Apart from the Linux Foundation, the Tizen project is supported by tech
giants Samsung and Intel. Initially slotted for late 2013 release, it was only
in January 2015 that the first Tizen phone, the Samsung Z, was released
in the South Asian market. Unfortunately, the Samsung Z failed to get
much attention in a competitive Indian market.
● Despite being based on Linux, Tizen OS has been marred by security
issues. Quite frankly, I don’t see a bright future for Tizen OS. It is just a
matter of time before the plug is pulled from this project.

➢LineageOS and Replicant
(open source Android
distributions)
● Both LineageOS and Replicant are open source Android distributions. In
other words, you can call them custom ROMs.
● LineageOS was created after the much more successful Android
distribution CyanogenMod was discontinued. LineageOS is a fork of
CyanogenMod.
● Though Replicant was founded back in 2010 by a couple of Free Software
groups, it now uses the source code of LineageOS as the base. You can
see the list of devices supported by Replicant here.

➢ /e/ (previously known as eelo)
● Previously known as eelo, /e/ is a non-profit project started by the
developer of Mandrake Linux. It is an Android distribution, and the idea is
to have an open source mobile operating system free from Google.
● /e/ replaces Google services with its own services, with the promise to not
track you or sell your data to advertisers like Google. /e/ will also utilize
open source alternatives as much as possible.
● /e/ is in active development and you can try to install it on a range of
devices already. You can even buy refurbished devices preinstalled with
/e/. That is one of the several ways of supporting the /e/ project.

➢ GrapheneOS
● GrapheneOS in an open source privacy-focused mobile operating system.
It is focused on the research and development of privacy and security
technology.
● GrapheneOS offers Android app compatibility. It also develops various
apps and services with a focus on privacy and security.
● Basically, you can think of GrapheneOS as a hardened version of Android
without Google services.
● GrapheneOS has official production support for the Pixel 2 (legacy), Pixel
2 XL (legacy), Pixel 3, Pixel 3 XL, Pixel 3a, Pixel 3a XL, Pixel 4 and Pixel 4
XL at the time of writing this article. Installation instructions can be found
here.

➢ Kai OS (partially open source)
● Kai OS is going to be the world’s third most popular mobile operating
system. Chances are, you haven’t heard of it.
● Not your fault really. KaiOS was only released in 2017, and yet it is
powering a huge number of mobile phones in just under two years.
● Unlike other mobile operating system, Kai OS doesn’t target the high-end,
touch phones. Instead, it provides smartphone-like functionality to feature
phones.
● Feature phones, or basic phones, are inexpensive, and having
smartphone-like functionality makes them an attractive and affordable
device.
● Kai OS is based on Linux, as it is a fork of a fork of now defunct Firefox
OS (mentioned later). Kai OS is not completely open source. Only the
Linux Kernel modifications are open sourced, rest is closed source.
● You can gauge the potential of Kai OS from the fact that it runs on over
100 million devices and Google has invested $22 million in it.

➢Sailfi sh OS (partially open
source)
● When Nokia decided to ditch the MeeGo mobile OS project, few
unsatisfied Nokia employees decided to keep MeeGo alive in the form of
Sailfish OS. Their flagship product Jolla has met with moderate success,
and has a dedicated fan following. MeeGo was supposed to be continued
by Linux Foundation in the form of Tizen, but over the time Tizen evolved
on its own and cannot be termed a MeeGo derivative anymore. The same
is true for Sailfish OS, the core OS of which is based on the Mer project,
which itself is based on the work from MeeGo.
● While Sailfish OS created some buzz among early adopters thanks to the
Jolla devices, the company seems to be struggling.
● Sailfish OS is not entirely open source. However, you could consider it as
an option when you are looking for a mobile OS other than Android and
iOS.

➢Honorable Mention: Firefox OS
[Discontinued]
● Firefox OS was an open source project from Mozilla Firefox, the parent
company of the famous open source web browser. It created quite some
ripples with the announcement of Firefox O- based smartphones that cost
only $25. The aim was to target emerging markets such as Brasil and
India.
● Unfortunately, the low price tag alone could not make Firefox OS the
Raspberry Pi of mobile devices, and, like Tizen, Firefox OS did not have
any success with its ZTE devices. Firefox now plans to shift its focus from
low cost devices to user experience with Firefox OS.

➢Android OS (Google Inc.)
● The Android mobile operating system is Google's open and free software
stack that includes an operating system, middleware and also key
applications for use on mobile devices, including smartphones. Updates
for the open source Android mobile operating system have been
developed under "dessert-inspired" version names (Cupcake, Donut,
Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich) with each new
version arriving in alphabetical order with new enhancements and
improvements.
➢Bada (Samsung Electronics)
● Bada is a proprietary Samsung mobile OS that was first launched in 2010.
The Samsung Wave was the first smartphone to use this mobile OS. Bada
provides mobile features such as multipoint-touch, 3D graphics and of
course, application downloads and installation.

➢BlackBerry OS (Research In
Motion)
● The BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by
Research In Motion for use on the company’s popular BlackBerry handheld
devices. The BlackBerry platform is popular with corporate users as it offers
synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, Novell GroupWise
email and other business software, when used with the BlackBerry
Enterprise Server.
➢iPhone OS / iOS (Apple)
● Apple's iPhone OS was originally developed for use on its iPhone devices.
Now, the mobile operating system is referred to as iOS and is supported on
a number of Apple devices including the iPhone, iPad, iPad 2 and iPod
Touch. The iOS mobile operating system is available only on Apple's own
manufactured devices as the company does not license the OS for third-
party hardware. Apple iOS is derived from Apple's Mac OS X operating
system.

➢MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel)
● A joint open source mobile operating system which is the result of merging
two products based on open source technologies: Maemo (Nokia) and
Moblin (Intel). MeeGo is a mobile OS designed to work on a number of
devices including smartphones, netbooks, tablets, in-vehicle information
systems and various devices using Intel Atom and ARMv7 architectures.
➢Palm OS (Garnet OS)
● The Palm OS is a proprietary mobile operating system (PDA operating
system) that was originally released in 1996 on the Pilot 1000 handheld.
Newer versions of the Palm OS have added support for expansion ports,
new processors, external memory cards, improved security and support
for ARM processors and smartphones. Palm OS 5 was extended to
provide support for a broad range of screen resolutions, wireless
connections and enhanced multimedia capabilities and is called Garnet
OS.

➢Symbian OS (Nokia)
● Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS) targeted at mobile phones that
offers a high-level of integration with communication and personal
information management (PIM) functionality. Symbian OS combines
middleware with wireless communications through an integrated mailbox
and the integration of Java and PIM functionality (agenda and contacts).
Nokia has made the Symbian platform available under an alternative, open
and direct model, to work with some OEMs and the small community of
platform development collaborators. Nokia does not maintain Symbian as
an open source development project.
➢Windows Mobile (Windows
Phone)
● Windows Mobile is Microsoft's mobile operating system used in
smartphones and mobile devices – with or without touchscreens. The
Mobile OS is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel. In 2010 Microsoft
announced a new smartphone platform called Windows Phone 7.

➢webOS (Palm/HP)
● WebOS is a mobile operating system that runs on the Linux kernel.
WebOS was initially developed by Palm as the successor to its Palm OS
mobile operating system. It is a proprietary Mobile OS which was
eventually acquired by HP and now referred to as webOS (lower-case w)
in HP literature. HP uses webOS in a number of devices including several
smartphones and HP TouchPads. HP has pushed its webOS into the
enterprise mobile market by focusing on improving security features and
management with the release of webOS 3.x. HP has also announced
plans for a version of webOS to run within the Microsoft Windows
operating system and to be installed on all HP desktop and notebook
computers in 2012.

Different Types Of OS

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