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1. SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT
ANIRBAN BANERJEE
PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY
THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN
GOLAPBAG,
BURDWAN 713104
WEST BENGAL, INDIA
2018

2. WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT ?
 IN THIS LECTURE , WE WILL INTRODUCE THE SOCIOLOGY OF
DEVELOPMENT .BUT , WHAT EXACTLY IS ‘DEVELOPMENT’?
 IN 2010 , A NATIONAL SEMINAR ENTITLED “DISCOURSES ON
DEVELOPMENT” WAS HELD AT THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY , THE
UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN.
 WE FIND NO CONSENSUS AMONG THE SPEAKERS ON WHAT
DEVELOPMENT MEANS . DIFFERENT SPEAKERS INTERPRETED THE TERM
‘DEVELOPMENT’ IN DIFFERENT WAYS.
 ABHIJIT MITRA(FORMER SOCIOLOGY PROFESSOR , BURDWAN UNIVERSITY):
DEVELOPMENT IS A WAY OF LIFE .
 KEYNOTE ADDRESS BY JNU PROFESSOR ANAND KUMAR :
• DEVELOPMENT IS LIKE SWEET POISON
• MORE THAN 60 MILLION PEOPLE DISPLACED BY ‘DEVELOPMENT’.
 RAHIM MONDAL(PROFSSOR NORTH BENGAL UNIVERSITY):DEVELOPMENT
IS ENLARGEMENT OF PEOPLE’S CHOICES.
(BANERJEE 2011:71)
2

3. WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY OF
DEVELOPMENT ?
 ORIGIN : POST SECOND WORLD WAR (1939-45)
 AFTER THE WAR, A LARGE NUMBER OF COLONIES,
INCLUDING INDIA , WON INDEPENDENCE .
 THESE FORMER COLONIES WERE ALL
UNDERDEVELOPED AS A RESULT OF COLONIAL
EXPLOITATION .
 PEOPLE OF ALL THESE COUNTRIES EXPRESSED THEIR
DESIRE TO ECONOMICALLY DEVELOP.
 SOCIAL SCIENTISTS OBSERVED THAT THERE IS A
CLOSE LINK BETWEEN SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS
AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
3

4. WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY OF
DEVELOPMENT ?
SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT IS A
BRANCH OF SOCIOLOGY.
EVERY ASPECT OF DEVELOPMENT
DEPENDS ON SOCIAL CONDITIONS .
DEFINITION.DEVELOPMENT MAY BE
EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF MATERIAL AND
NON-MATERIAL CHANGES AS VIEWED AS
BETTERMENT THROUGH HISTORY
(SINGH,2010:15)
4

5. WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY OF
DEVELOPMENT ?
 FACTORS LEADING TO DEVELOPMENT :
• ENTREPRENEURSHIP-A SOCIAL PHENOMENON
• MARKET AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS SOCIALLY DETERMINED .
• SOCIAL CONDITIONS LIKE GENDER EQUITY , INCREASE IN
LITERACY,AND REDUCTION OF BIRTHRATE LINKED TO
DEVELOPMENT .
 SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT DEALS WITH :
• A)INDUSTRIALIZATION
• B)ECONOMIC GROWTH
• C)RELATIONSHIPS EMERGING AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
• SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT IS THUS A SOCIAL SCIENCE
DISCIPLINE WHICH STUDIES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FROM THE
POINT OF VIEW OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ((SINGH 2010:.5)
5

6. SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY OF
DEVELOPMENT
• STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
• CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
• ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT
• POLITY AND DEVELOPMENT
• HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
• SUSTAINABILTY OF DEVELOPMENT
• DEVELOPMENT AND REHABILITATION OF
PEOPLE
6

7. MODERNIZATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
• MODERNIZATION IS CHANGE
TOWARDS A PATTERN OF LIFE
TERMED DEVELOPMENT
‘DEVELOPMENT’
• ORIGINS –SOCIOLOGIES OF
ÉMILE DURKHEIM, TOENNIES
TALCOTT PARSONS
7

8. S.C. DUBE ON MODERNIZATION
INDIAN SOCIOLOGIST,SHYAMA CHARAN DUBE,
OBSERVED :
• MODERNIZATION THEORY DISTINGUISHES
BETWEEN THREE STAGES OF
SOCIETY:TRADITIONAL, TRANSITIONAL, MODERN.
• DEVELOPMENT THEORY DISTINGUISHES
BETWEEN THREE STAGES OF SOCIETY:
UNDERDEVELOPED , DEVELOPING AND
DEVELOPED.
• CONCEPT OF MODERNIZATION IS
EVOLUTIONARY
8

9. HUNTINGTON’S NINE INDICES OF DEVELOPMENT
9
1. MODERNIZATION AND
DEVELOPMENT:RADICAL PROCESSES
OF CHANGE IN TECHNOLOGY AND
CULTURE
2. BEHAVIOURAL, Institutional ,
STRUCTURAL REFORM
3. GRAND PROCESSES ORIGINATE IN ONE
PART OF THE WORLD AND ENVELOPE
OTHER PARTS
4. LONG TERM PROCESSES
5. BOTH CONCEPTS ARE SYSTEMIC
6. THESE PROCESSES INVOLVE SEVERAL
STAGES OF CHANGE
7. HOMOGENEISING PROCESSES
8. IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES
9. PROGRESSIVE PROCESSES
Samuel P. Huntington
American social
scientist
Huntington in January
2004
(Accessed from
https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Samuel_P._Huntingto
n by Anirban Banerjee on
19/03/2018)

10. CHANGING PARADIGMS OF
DEVELOPMENT
1. ECONOMIC GROWTH PERSPECTIVE –
• CAPITAL ACCUMULATION
• POPULATION CHANGE
• DIVISION OF LABOUR
• ENTREPRENEURSHIP
2.HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:IMPROVEMENT IN OVERALL QUALITY
OF THE HUMAN BEING(HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT)
3.SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT(MSA RAO)-DEVELOPMENT OF
SOCIETY IN ITS TOTALITY
4.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT(BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION) –
MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT
COMPROMISING THE ABILTY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO
MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS .
10

11. INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT-1
1. SOCIAL ASPECTS
• SOCIETY MORE MODERN, LESS TRADITIONAL
• SOCIETY MORE DEMOCRATIC, LESS AUTHORITARIAN
• ACHIEVED STATUS
• NUCLEAR AND DEMOCRATIC FAMILY
• NO RELIGION BASED DIVISION OF SOCIETY
• SOCIETY URBANIZED
• UNRESTRICTED SOCIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY
• GOVERNMENT AND NON GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS CARRY
OUT RESPONSIBILITIES TRADITIONALLY PERFORMED BY THE
FAMILY.
• RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH LOWER THAN TRADITIONAL
SOCIETY
• MORTALITY RATE LOWER
• LITERACY RATES HIGH
• HEALTH CARE FACILITIES EXPANDED
11

12. INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT-2
2.CULTURAL ASPECTS
 ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE INDIVIDUALISTIC, MATERIALISTIC, PROFILT
ORIENTED
 HUMAN BEHAVIOUR GOVERNNED BY EXISTING SITUATIONS
 NATIONALISM AND PLURALISM DEVELOP
 INSTITUTIONS AND AGENCIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS GROW
 VALUE ORIENTATION OF INDIVIDUALS MORE FAMILY THAN
COMMUNITY ORIENTED
 CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS WEAKENED
 RELIGIOUS PRACTICES AND RITES ON THE WANE
 PEOPLE BECOME MORE RATIONAL, LESS SUPERSTITIOUS
12

13. INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT-3
3.POLITICAL ASPECTS
 NATION AND NATIONHOOD DEVELOP
LIBERTY ENSURED
SECULAR STATE
STATE GUARANTEES EQUALITY TO ALL
CITIZENS
CONSCIOUSNESS OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND
CIVIL SOCIETY DEVELOP WITH SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT AND MATURITY OF
DEMOCRACY .
13

14. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT
14
“IT IS OUR ONLY HOME .AND THAT IS WHAT IS AT STAKE .OUR ABILITY TO LIVE IN PLANET EARTH” –
AL GORE IN ‘AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH: A GLOBAL WARNING’ (2006).

15. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT 1
 AIR POLLUTION
 CAUSE:
• EMMISSION OF POISONOUS GASES FROM FACTORIES, CHIMNEYS,
CARS , ETC.
 ACCORDING TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2.7 MILLION DIE
OF AIR POLLUTION ANNUALLY.
 CO2 EMMISSIONS
• ACCORDING TO CHAUDHURY
 FROM 1991-2025, POPULATION GROWTH WILL CONTRIBUTE TO
54% OF CO2 EMMISSIONS.
 FROM 2025-2100,CONTRIBUTION OF POPULATION GROWTH TO
CO2 EMMISSIONS WILL SIGNIFICANTLY DECLINE BY 13%
 BEST ENVIRONMENT POLICY IS THAT WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO
RAPID DECLINE IN POPULATION
15

16. AIR QUALITY INDEX
 US ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY HAS DEVELOPED AN AIR
QUALITY INDEX (AQI)
 THIS INDEX TELLS US HOW CLEAN THE AIR IS
 5 MAJOR POLLUTANTS ARE REGULATED BY THE CLEAN AIR ACT.THESE ARE
:
 GROUND LEVEL OZONE
 PARTICLE POLLUTION
 CARBON MONOXIDE
 SULPHUR DIOXIDE
 NITROGEN DIOXIDE
 HOW THE INDEX WORKS
 AQI RUNS ON AN INDEX OF 1-500
 THE GREATER THE VALUE, THE GREATER THE POLLUTION(SEE TABLE)
https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi
(ACCESSED BY ANIRBAN BANERJEE ON 21/03/2018)
16

17. AIR QUALITY INDEX (CONTD)
https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi
Air Quality Index
(AQI) Value Levels of Health Concern
Colors
When the AQI is in this
range:
..air quality conditions are: ...as symbolized by this
color:
0-50 Good Green
51-100 Moderate Yellow
101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive
groups
Orange
151-200 Unhealthy Red
201-300 Very unhealthy Purple
301-500 Hazardous Maroon
17

18. INDIA’S AIR QUALITY INDEX
 INDIA’S AIR QUALITY BORDERS ON RED.
 75% OF POLLUTION RELATED DEATHS IN 2015 WERE IN RURAL AREAS, ACCORDING
TO RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY SCIENTISTS FROM INDIAN INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY , BOMBAY, AND HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE
 BURNING OF BIO MASS AT HOME FOR FUEL AND MASS BURNING OF BIOMASS IN
FIELDS TO CLEAR THEM FOR CROPS RESULTS IN SMOG, A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR
TO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.
(VIDE https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/15/health/india-air-pollution-study-
intl/index.html ACCESSED ON 21/03/2018)
 PROBLEM IS NOT OF DEVELOPMENT BUT LACK OF DEVELOPMENT OF
CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE ILL EFFECTS OF BIOMASS BURNING AMONG RURAL
PEOPLE.
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT URGENTLY NEEDED TO COMBAT THE PROBLEM
 IN THE NEXT PAGE WE WILL SHOW WHERE SELECTED INDIAN CITIES STAND IN
POLLUTION RANK
18

19. AIR POLLUTION INDEX OF SELECTED INDIAN CITIES
(2018)
RANK CITY POLLUTION INDEX
2 GHAZIABAD 97.67
4 FARIDABAD 95.89
7 KANPUR 94.69
13 NOIDA 92.28
14 DELHI 92.25
15 VARANASI 91.93
19
17 GURGAON 91.90
Accessed from
https://www.numbeo.com/pollution/rankings.
jsp on 21/03/2018.

20. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT-2
2. WATER POLLUTION
 RESULT OF MISUSE OF WATER
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
PESTICIDES
GARBAGE
 RESULT : WATERBORNE DISEASES
DIARRHOEA, CHOLERA, TYPHOID, -BACTERIA
BORNE DISEASES
ARSENIC BORNE DISEASES
PARASITE BORNE DISEASES , EG.MALARIA, FILARIA,
CHIKUNGUNYA, DENGUE
20

21. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT-2
(contd )
WATER INDEX BASED ON 147 COUNTRIES :
 COUNTRIES CLASSIFIED AS WATER RICH AND WATER POOR
 WATER RICH COUNTRIES FROM TOP
 FINLAND
 CANADA
 ICELAND
 NORWAY
 GUYANA
 SURINAM
 AUSTRIA
 IRELAND
 SWEDEN
 SWITZERLAND
21

22. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT-2
(contd )
WATER POOR COUNTRIES –FROM THE
BOTTOM UP
 HAITI
 NIGER
 ETHIOPIA
 ERITREA
 MALAWI
 DJIBOUTI
 CHAD
 BENIN
 RWANDA
 BURUNDI
22

23. WATER AVAILABILITY IN INDIA
ANNUAL PRECIPITATION:
4000 BILLION CUBIC METRES (BCM)
53% LOST DUE TO EVAPORATION
TOTAL UTILIZABLE WATER RESOURCES:
1123 BCM
NITI AYOG SET 28 KEY PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS INCLUDING IRRIGATION STATUS,
DRINKING WATER AND OTHER WATER RELATED
ISSUES
(SOURCE :http://social.niti.gov.in/water-index)
 DOWNLOADED BY ANIRBAN BANERJEE ON 20/03/2018.
23

24. NATIONAL WATER SECURITY INDEX
 TOTAL SCORE =100
24
REGION SCORE
CENTRAL & WEST ASIA 38.2
EAST ASIA 61.9
PACIFIC 43.0
SOUTH ASIA 33.7
SOUTH EAST ASIA 47.3
ADVANCED ECONOMIES 80.5
ADAPTED FROM :ASIA WATER DEVELOPMENT
OUTLOOK 2016, ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK,
METROMANILA 2016.DOWNLOADED BY
ANIRBAN BANERJEE FROM
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/public
ation/189411/awdo-2016.pdf ON 21.03.2018

25. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT-3
DIMUNITION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
 DEPLETION OF WATER DUE TO
EXCESSIVE USE OF GROUND WATER
 OVERURBANIZATION RESULTS IN
DEPLETION OF WATER TABLE
25

26. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT-3
(CONTD)
DIMUNITION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
 DEFORESTATION DUE TO
CUTTING TREES FOR AGRICULTURE
LEADS TO
 DEPLETION OF FOREST COVER
 EXTINCTION OF FLORA AND FAUNA
26

27. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT-3
(CONTD)
GLOBAL WARMING
 CAUSES :
WARMING OF THE EARTH DUE TO
 INDUSTRIALIZATION
 EXCESSIVE USE OF FOSIL FUELS
 URBANIZATION
27

28. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT-3
(CONTD)
 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
 RISE IN SEA LEVEL
 FLOODING OF COASTAL VILLAGES AND TOWNS
 INCREASED SEVERITY OF STORMS
(HURRICANES, TORNADOES, ETC.)
 in the film ‘AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH: A GLOBAL
WARNING’ (2006) al gore speaks in detail of the perils
arising out of global warming
28

29. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT -4
 DEVELOPMENT INDUCED DISPLACEMENT IS A MAJOR PROBLEM IN ALL
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIKE INDIA .
 THE TERM ‘DISPLACED PERSONS ‘ WAS COINED BY THE RUSSIAN SOCIOLOGIST ,
EUGENE M.KULISCHER.BY ‘DISPLACED PERSONS’ HE MEANT THOSE PEOPLE IN
EUROPE WHO WERE FORCED TO MIGRATE DURING WORLD WAR II.
 LATER , IN PEACETIME, IT WAS FOUND THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE BECAME
INTERNAL REFUGEES DUE TO DEVELOPMENT POLICIES PURSUED BY
UNDERDEVELOPED NATIONS .
 STUDIES OF DEVELOPMENT INDUCED DISPLACEMENT WERE CARRIED OUT IN A
LARGE NUMBER OF COUNTRIES.
 AMONG THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDIES WERE THOSE OF THE ASWAN DAM,
THE KARIBA DAM ON THE ZAMBESI , THE AKOSOMBO DAM ON LAKE VOLTA IN
GHANA
(BOGUMIL TERMINSKY : DEVELOPMENT-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT AND
RESETTLEMENT: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS AND CU RRENT CHALLENGES ,
GENEVA , MAY 2013.ACCESSED FROM
https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/8833/Bogumil%20Terminski,
%20development-
Induced%20Displacement%20and%20Resettlement.%20Theoretical%20frameworks%
20and%20current%20challenges.pdf?sequence=1 DATED 21/03/2018)
29

30. DEVELOPMENT INDUCED DISPLACEMENT IN INDIA
 IN HIS PAPER, ‘DEVELOPMENT INDUCED DISPLACEMENT IN INDIA’(SARWATCH,
VOL.2.NO.1.JULY 2000,) PARASHURAM ROY CRITICISED THE POLICY OF
DEVELOPMENT INDUCED DISPLACEMENT.
 ACCORDING TO PARSHURAM ROY(2000) , IN INDIA, MORE THAN 50 MILLION
PEOPLE HAVE BEEN UPROOTED FROM THEIR HOMES AND DEPRIVED OF THEIR
LAND AND LIVELIHOODS ,WERE SACRIFICED AT THE ALTAR OF NATIONAL INTEREST.
 BUT DEVELOPMENT INDUCED DISPLACEMENT HAS REMAINED A NON-ISSUE FOR
POLITICIANS AND POLICY PLANNERS. (‘DEVELOPMENT INDUCED DISPLACEMENT IN
INDIA ‘ IN SARWATCH, VO.2.NO.1(2000).
 DAMS HAVE BEEN THE BIGGEST SOURCE OF DISPLACEMENT AND HABITAT
DESTRUCTION SINCE THE INCEPTION OF PLANNING .
 MANY DISPLACED PERSONS ARE SUBJECT TO MULTIPLE DISPLACEMENT.
 ACCORDING TO W.FERNANDES, THERE IS LITTLE CONSCIOUSNESS ABOUT THE
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS .THIS MAY BE DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE
DISPLACED PERSONS ARE ASSETLESS PEOPLE WITH LITTLE OR NO POLITICAL POWER
.
(ACCESSED FROM:
http://calternatives.org/resource/pdf/Development%20Induced%20Displacement%20i
n%20India.pdf ON 21/03/2018) 30

31. NEW PARADIGM OF
DEVELOPMENT
ARVIND VIRMANI
PARADIGMS OF DEVELOPMENT
31
OLD PARADIGM NEW PARADIGM
(VIRMANI)
GOVERNMENT
PLAYS AN ACTIVE
ROLE IN REMOVING
POVERTY
CITIZEN –A
PASSIVE RECIPIENT
OF SERVICES
GOVERNMENT
FAILED TO DEVELOP
NATION
PERSONAL
INITIATIVE
IMPORTANT
SELF RELIANCE
IMPORTANT

32. THE SOCIOLOGY OF
DEVELOPMENT
Further reading
1. SHEO BAHAL SINGH : SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT,
RAWAT PUBLICATIONS, JAIPUR, NEW DELHI,
BANGALORE, HYDERABAD, GUWAHATI(2010).
SEE FILM ON DARK SIDE OF DEVELOPMENT
1. AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH: A GLOBAL WARNING,
DIRECTED BY DAVID GUGGENHEIM, PARAMOUNT
CLASSICS ,2006.
32

33. THE SOCIOLOGY OF
DEVELOPMENT
REFERENCES
BANERJEE,ANIRBAN(2011)“DISCOURSES ON
DEVELOPMENT“ IN SAMAJ-TATTVA 17(2).
SINGH,SHEO BAHAL(2010) SOCIOLOGY OF
DEVELOPMENT, RAWAT PUBLICATIONS,
JAIPUR, NEW DELHI, BANGALORE,
HYDERABAD, GUWAHATI
33

34. THE SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT
THANK YOU
34